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<p>Additive manufacturing of recycled polymer composites reinforced with natural and bio-derived fillers offers a sustainable pathway for developing functional materials. In this work, recycled PLA composites reinforced with Hennep 16 microfiber and cuttlefish-derived aragonite nanoparticles were fabricated using fused deposition modelling and systematically evaluated for mechanical, wear, swelling–degradation, and thermal conductivity properties. The results demonstrate a strong dependence of composite performance on aragonite nanoparticle content. Specimen M3, containing 40 vol% Hennep 16 microfiber and 3 vol% aragonite nanoparticles, exhibited the most balanced and superior mechanical performance, achieving a tensile strength of 119&#xa0;MPa, flexural strength of 131&#xa0;MPa, impact energy of 3.14&#xa0;J, and hardness of 83 Shore D, corresponding to improvements of 124.5, 101.5, 398.4, and 10.7% over neat PLA, respectively. This enhancement is attributed to the optimal dispersion of aragonite nanoparticles, which strengthens interfacial bonding, improves stress transfer, and promotes crack deflection and energy dissipation mechanisms. In contrast, specimen M4 with 5 vol% aragonite nanoparticles demonstrated the best functional performance in terms of wear resistance, swelling–degradation behaviour, and thermal conductivity, exhibiting the lowest specific wear rate of 0.021&#xa0;mm<sup>3</sup>&#xa0;Nm<sup>−1</sup>, lowest coefficient of friction of 0.31, highest swelling of 22.4% and degradation of 11.72% after four weeks, and maximum thermal conductivity of 0.52 W&#xa0;mK<sup>−1</sup>. These trends are associated with the increased presence of rigid ceramic nanoparticles, which enhance surface hardness and heat transfer pathways while simultaneously promoting water ingress and biodegradation due to microstructural heterogeneity at higher filler loading. Overall, the study highlights the tunability of recycled PLA-based composites through controlled bio-filler addition, making them promising candidates for load-bearing and functional applications.</p>

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Additive manufacturing of recycled PLA composites reinforced with Hennep 16 microfiber and aragonite nanoparticles for structural applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Murugesan Palaniappan,
  • Sivasubramanian Palanisamy,
  • Thulasimani Murugesan

摘要

Additive manufacturing of recycled polymer composites reinforced with natural and bio-derived fillers offers a sustainable pathway for developing functional materials. In this work, recycled PLA composites reinforced with Hennep 16 microfiber and cuttlefish-derived aragonite nanoparticles were fabricated using fused deposition modelling and systematically evaluated for mechanical, wear, swelling–degradation, and thermal conductivity properties. The results demonstrate a strong dependence of composite performance on aragonite nanoparticle content. Specimen M3, containing 40 vol% Hennep 16 microfiber and 3 vol% aragonite nanoparticles, exhibited the most balanced and superior mechanical performance, achieving a tensile strength of 119 MPa, flexural strength of 131 MPa, impact energy of 3.14 J, and hardness of 83 Shore D, corresponding to improvements of 124.5, 101.5, 398.4, and 10.7% over neat PLA, respectively. This enhancement is attributed to the optimal dispersion of aragonite nanoparticles, which strengthens interfacial bonding, improves stress transfer, and promotes crack deflection and energy dissipation mechanisms. In contrast, specimen M4 with 5 vol% aragonite nanoparticles demonstrated the best functional performance in terms of wear resistance, swelling–degradation behaviour, and thermal conductivity, exhibiting the lowest specific wear rate of 0.021 mm3 Nm−1, lowest coefficient of friction of 0.31, highest swelling of 22.4% and degradation of 11.72% after four weeks, and maximum thermal conductivity of 0.52 W mK−1. These trends are associated with the increased presence of rigid ceramic nanoparticles, which enhance surface hardness and heat transfer pathways while simultaneously promoting water ingress and biodegradation due to microstructural heterogeneity at higher filler loading. Overall, the study highlights the tunability of recycled PLA-based composites through controlled bio-filler addition, making them promising candidates for load-bearing and functional applications.