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<p>The operating temperature of photovoltaic (PV) modules significantly influences their electrical efficiency and long-term reliability, particularly under high-irradiance outdoor conditions. In this study, a hybrid thermal mitigation strategy combining a graphene-based nano-coating and top-side water cooling (NC–TWC) was experimentally and numerically investigated over a 40-day outdoor testing period. Four configurations were evaluated: uncoated without cooling (UC–NOC), nano-coated without cooling (NC–NOC), uncoated with water cooling (UC–TWC), and nano-coated with water cooling (NC–TWC). Under peak conditions on Day 40, the (NC–TWC) configuration reduced the maximum glass surface temperature from 77.88&#xa0;°C (UC–NOC) to 43.98&#xa0;°C, corresponding to a 43.53% reduction. The average PV cell temperature predicted by finite element analysis (FEA) decreased from 77.97 to 44.97&#xa0;°C (42.33% reduction). This thermal regulation resulted in a maximum power enhancement of 29.5 W (23.14%) and an absolute electrical efficiency improvement of 1.2% (relative increase of 16.88%) compared to the baseline configuration. Dust-induced power degradation was reduced from 4.82% in UC–NOC to 0.93% in NC–TWC, confirming the hydrophobic coating’s anti-soiling effectiveness simulations showed strong agreement with experimental measurements, with relative errors below 2.37%, validating the numerical model. Temperature contour analysis demonstrated improved thermal uniformity and reduced hotspot formation in the NC–TWC configuration. The combined graphene nano-coating and water-cooling strategy provides substantial thermal stabilization, enhanced electrical performance, and improved resistance to dust-related degradation, offering a practical solution for PV operation in high-temperature environments.</p>

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Experimental and finite element investigation of photovoltaic module performance enhancement using graphene nano-coating and top-side water cooling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Karthik Myilswamy,
  • Kannan Kumaresan

摘要

The operating temperature of photovoltaic (PV) modules significantly influences their electrical efficiency and long-term reliability, particularly under high-irradiance outdoor conditions. In this study, a hybrid thermal mitigation strategy combining a graphene-based nano-coating and top-side water cooling (NC–TWC) was experimentally and numerically investigated over a 40-day outdoor testing period. Four configurations were evaluated: uncoated without cooling (UC–NOC), nano-coated without cooling (NC–NOC), uncoated with water cooling (UC–TWC), and nano-coated with water cooling (NC–TWC). Under peak conditions on Day 40, the (NC–TWC) configuration reduced the maximum glass surface temperature from 77.88 °C (UC–NOC) to 43.98 °C, corresponding to a 43.53% reduction. The average PV cell temperature predicted by finite element analysis (FEA) decreased from 77.97 to 44.97 °C (42.33% reduction). This thermal regulation resulted in a maximum power enhancement of 29.5 W (23.14%) and an absolute electrical efficiency improvement of 1.2% (relative increase of 16.88%) compared to the baseline configuration. Dust-induced power degradation was reduced from 4.82% in UC–NOC to 0.93% in NC–TWC, confirming the hydrophobic coating’s anti-soiling effectiveness simulations showed strong agreement with experimental measurements, with relative errors below 2.37%, validating the numerical model. Temperature contour analysis demonstrated improved thermal uniformity and reduced hotspot formation in the NC–TWC configuration. The combined graphene nano-coating and water-cooling strategy provides substantial thermal stabilization, enhanced electrical performance, and improved resistance to dust-related degradation, offering a practical solution for PV operation in high-temperature environments.