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<p>Electrochromic smart windows can regulate solar radiation by reversibly changing visible and near-infrared transmittance under a small applied voltage, thereby reducing glare, solar heat gain, and lighting demand. Based on a Web of Science search from 2000 to 2025, this paper reviews 4000&#xa0;bibliometric records and selected representative experimental and simulation studies on electrochromic glass materials, thermal performance, optical performance, electrical performance, and building control strategies. The results show that control strategy is a key factor determining whether electrochromic windows can simultaneously improve energy performance and visual comfort. Fixed strategies are simple but climate-dependent; rule-based strategies respond to irradiance, illuminance, temperature, or cooling-load thresholds; and algorithm-based strategies, especially model predictive control and reinforcement learning, can coordinate cooling, heating, lighting, glare, and switching constraints. This review therefore summarizes both material-performance characteristics and implementation-oriented control pathways, providing a reference for future building applications of electrochromic windows.</p>

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Materials, performance, and control strategies for electrochromic windows: a review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月28日

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  • Jianan Wen,
  • Zehua Zhang,
  • Wenkai Fu,
  • Wei Mao,
  • Xi Meng

摘要

Electrochromic smart windows can regulate solar radiation by reversibly changing visible and near-infrared transmittance under a small applied voltage, thereby reducing glare, solar heat gain, and lighting demand. Based on a Web of Science search from 2000 to 2025, this paper reviews 4000 bibliometric records and selected representative experimental and simulation studies on electrochromic glass materials, thermal performance, optical performance, electrical performance, and building control strategies. The results show that control strategy is a key factor determining whether electrochromic windows can simultaneously improve energy performance and visual comfort. Fixed strategies are simple but climate-dependent; rule-based strategies respond to irradiance, illuminance, temperature, or cooling-load thresholds; and algorithm-based strategies, especially model predictive control and reinforcement learning, can coordinate cooling, heating, lighting, glare, and switching constraints. This review therefore summarizes both material-performance characteristics and implementation-oriented control pathways, providing a reference for future building applications of electrochromic windows.