<p>In recent years, with the advancement of nanotechnology, another type of nanofluid (NF) called hybrid nanofluid (HNF) has been welcomed by researchers. This research discusses the production and measurement of viscosity (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\upmu}_{\text{H}\text{N}\text{F}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> <mtext>HNF</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) and thermal conductivity (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({k}_{\text{H}\text{N}\text{F}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mtext>HNF</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) of HNF in the laboratory simultaneously. HNF of H<sub>2</sub>O–EG/MWCNT–ZnO–Cu is made using two-step method. Also, the effects of temperature (<i>T</i>) and volume fraction (<i>ɸ</i>) on <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\upmu}_{\text{H}\text{N}\text{F}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> <mtext>HNF</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({k}_{\text{H}\text{N}\text{F}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mtext>HNF</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are investigated. The output results are presented for <i>T</i> = 25–50&#xa0;°C and <i>ɸ</i>= 1.4–3.0%. In addition, the rheological behavior of HNF at different shear rates is analyzed. XRD analysis ensures the surface and structure of ZnO, MWCNT, and Cu nanoparticles (NP). Also, to ensure the HNF stability, zeta potential stability analysis is performed. The findings of this research prove that HNF has Newtonian motion at all <i>T</i> and <i>ɸ</i>. In addition, this research’s two thermophysical parameters are highly dependent on <i>T</i> and <i>ɸ</i>. An increase in <i>T</i> causes an increase in <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\text{k}}_{\text{H}\text{N}\text{F}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mtext>k</mtext> <mtext>HNF</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and decrease in<InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\upmu}_{\text{H}\text{N}\text{F}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> <mtext>HNF</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. This is while increasing ɸ increases <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\upmu}_{\text{H}\text{N}\text{F}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> <mtext>HNF</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> parameters and <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({k}_{\text{H}\text{N}\text{F}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mtext>HNF</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. With increasing <i>T</i>, the average intermolecular forces decrease. Finally, it can be concluded that adding ZnO, MWCNT and Cu–H<sub>2</sub>O and EG-based fluids effectively improves thermal performance (TP).</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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An experimental study to measurement viscosity and thermal conductivity of H2O–EG/MWCNT–ZnO–Cu hybrid nanofluid

  • Samira Ardakani,
  • Ali Akbar Abbasian Arani,
  • Mehdi Aliehyaei,
  • Saeed Jafari Mehrabadi,
  • Hossein Tamim

摘要

In recent years, with the advancement of nanotechnology, another type of nanofluid (NF) called hybrid nanofluid (HNF) has been welcomed by researchers. This research discusses the production and measurement of viscosity ( \({\upmu}_{\text{H}\text{N}\text{F}}\) μ HNF ) and thermal conductivity ( \({k}_{\text{H}\text{N}\text{F}}\) k HNF ) of HNF in the laboratory simultaneously. HNF of H2O–EG/MWCNT–ZnO–Cu is made using two-step method. Also, the effects of temperature (T) and volume fraction (ɸ) on \({\upmu}_{\text{H}\text{N}\text{F}}\) μ HNF and \({k}_{\text{H}\text{N}\text{F}}\) k HNF are investigated. The output results are presented for T = 25–50 °C and ɸ= 1.4–3.0%. In addition, the rheological behavior of HNF at different shear rates is analyzed. XRD analysis ensures the surface and structure of ZnO, MWCNT, and Cu nanoparticles (NP). Also, to ensure the HNF stability, zeta potential stability analysis is performed. The findings of this research prove that HNF has Newtonian motion at all T and ɸ. In addition, this research’s two thermophysical parameters are highly dependent on T and ɸ. An increase in T causes an increase in \({\text{k}}_{\text{H}\text{N}\text{F}}\) k HNF and decrease in \({\upmu}_{\text{H}\text{N}\text{F}}\) μ HNF . This is while increasing ɸ increases \({\upmu}_{\text{H}\text{N}\text{F}}\) μ HNF parameters and \({k}_{\text{H}\text{N}\text{F}}\) k HNF . With increasing T, the average intermolecular forces decrease. Finally, it can be concluded that adding ZnO, MWCNT and Cu–H2O and EG-based fluids effectively improves thermal performance (TP).

Graphical Abstract