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<p>This study presents an experimental investigation into the thermal and hydraulic performance of graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)–water nanofluids within a custom-designed mini-channel shell-and-tube heat exchanger (MC-STHE), operating in the transitional flow regime. Nanofluids were formulated using a two-step method with GNP volume fractions ranging from 0.02% to 0.8%, and tested under varying Reynolds numbers. This study delivers experimentally validated benchmark thermal–hydraulic data for GNP–water nanofluids in a mini-channel shell-and-tube heat exchanger and, through thermal enhancement factor (TEF) and performance evaluation criterion (PEC) analyses, provides a holistic performance assessment that is well covered in existing literature. The results demonstrate that incorporating GNPs significantly improves the heat transfer characteristics of the base fluid. The most effective thermal performance was observed at a volume fraction of 0.6%, accompanied by a moderate increase in flow resistance. Optimal thermal–hydraulic performance was achieved at volume fractions between 0.4% and 0.6%, where TEF values exceeded 1.5 and PEC values were above 1.3, indicating a strong balance between heat transfer enhancement and pressure loss. Additionally, comparison with well-established empirical models such as those by Gnielinski and Shah confirmed the accuracy and reliability of the experimental data. These findings highlight the promising potential of GNP-based nanofluids for enhancing the efficiency of compact heat exchangers in transitional flow regimes.</p>

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Experimental thermal–hydraulic analysis of GNP–water nanofluid in a mini-channel shell-and-tube heat exchanger

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Mohammad Safarpour,
  • Masoud Zareh,
  • Alimorad Rashidi,
  • Koroush Javaherdeh

摘要

This study presents an experimental investigation into the thermal and hydraulic performance of graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)–water nanofluids within a custom-designed mini-channel shell-and-tube heat exchanger (MC-STHE), operating in the transitional flow regime. Nanofluids were formulated using a two-step method with GNP volume fractions ranging from 0.02% to 0.8%, and tested under varying Reynolds numbers. This study delivers experimentally validated benchmark thermal–hydraulic data for GNP–water nanofluids in a mini-channel shell-and-tube heat exchanger and, through thermal enhancement factor (TEF) and performance evaluation criterion (PEC) analyses, provides a holistic performance assessment that is well covered in existing literature. The results demonstrate that incorporating GNPs significantly improves the heat transfer characteristics of the base fluid. The most effective thermal performance was observed at a volume fraction of 0.6%, accompanied by a moderate increase in flow resistance. Optimal thermal–hydraulic performance was achieved at volume fractions between 0.4% and 0.6%, where TEF values exceeded 1.5 and PEC values were above 1.3, indicating a strong balance between heat transfer enhancement and pressure loss. Additionally, comparison with well-established empirical models such as those by Gnielinski and Shah confirmed the accuracy and reliability of the experimental data. These findings highlight the promising potential of GNP-based nanofluids for enhancing the efficiency of compact heat exchangers in transitional flow regimes.