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<p>Solar still performance is crucial for providing clean water in remote or arid areas, leveraging solar energy for sustainable, low-cost water desalination. Materials like steel nails (SN), black steel wool fibers (BSWF), and steel powders (SP) are used to examine the effects of the absorbing materials’ density on the solar still’s performance. Conducted under summer conditions in Tanta, Egypt (30° 47′ 28″ N / 30° 59′ 53″ E), the study evaluates performance metrics such as embodied energy, water production, cost per liter (CPL), energy payback time, energy, and exergy outputs. Findings reveal that steel powder (SP) emerges as the most effective absorber, achieving a significant temperature increase of 5.6% over the conventional solar still (CSS). The maximum hourly freshwater output for the various configurations highlights this effectiveness, with CSS producing 0.45&#xa0;kg m<sup>-2</sup>, while CSS + SP, CSS + BSWF, and CSS + SN yield 0.72 0.68, and 0.65&#xa0;kg m<sup>-2</sup>, respectively. This highlights the potential of advanced materials to enhance freshwater production, with CSS + SP demonstrating an impressive 76.98% increase in yield, followed by CSS + BSWF at 65.64% and CSS + SN at 47.35%. Energy efficiency improvements are notable, with SP achieving a 60.1% enhancement. The corresponding exergoenvironmental analysis indicates CO2 emissions of 2.626, 2.362, 2.01, and 1.41 tons per year for CSS + SP, CSS + BSWF, CSS + SN, and CSS, respectively, underlining environmental benefits of material integration. Furthermore, the exergoenviroeconomic parameter values are 20.45, 29.15, 34.25, and 38.08 $/year for CSS, CSS + SN, CSS + BSWF, and CSS + SP, respectively. These findings support sustainable water production by highlighting financial and environmental benefits of using innovative materials.</p>

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Energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and enviroeconomic (4E) analysis of solar still with enhanced absorption materials

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月4日

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  • Ayman Refat Abd Elbar,
  • Fiasal B. Baz,
  • Hamed R. El-Tahan,
  • Maisa A. Sharaf,
  • S. A. Marzouk

摘要

Solar still performance is crucial for providing clean water in remote or arid areas, leveraging solar energy for sustainable, low-cost water desalination. Materials like steel nails (SN), black steel wool fibers (BSWF), and steel powders (SP) are used to examine the effects of the absorbing materials’ density on the solar still’s performance. Conducted under summer conditions in Tanta, Egypt (30° 47′ 28″ N / 30° 59′ 53″ E), the study evaluates performance metrics such as embodied energy, water production, cost per liter (CPL), energy payback time, energy, and exergy outputs. Findings reveal that steel powder (SP) emerges as the most effective absorber, achieving a significant temperature increase of 5.6% over the conventional solar still (CSS). The maximum hourly freshwater output for the various configurations highlights this effectiveness, with CSS producing 0.45 kg m-2, while CSS + SP, CSS + BSWF, and CSS + SN yield 0.72 0.68, and 0.65 kg m-2, respectively. This highlights the potential of advanced materials to enhance freshwater production, with CSS + SP demonstrating an impressive 76.98% increase in yield, followed by CSS + BSWF at 65.64% and CSS + SN at 47.35%. Energy efficiency improvements are notable, with SP achieving a 60.1% enhancement. The corresponding exergoenvironmental analysis indicates CO2 emissions of 2.626, 2.362, 2.01, and 1.41 tons per year for CSS + SP, CSS + BSWF, CSS + SN, and CSS, respectively, underlining environmental benefits of material integration. Furthermore, the exergoenviroeconomic parameter values are 20.45, 29.15, 34.25, and 38.08 $/year for CSS, CSS + SN, CSS + BSWF, and CSS + SP, respectively. These findings support sustainable water production by highlighting financial and environmental benefits of using innovative materials.