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<p>The demand for advanced heat transfer fluids (HTFs) has increased significantly in the past two decades due to the limited thermal performance of conventional fluids in handling the high heat fluxes from next-generation high-tech systems. Nanofluids (NFs) consisting of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit better thermophysical properties and dispersion stability than conventional HTFs. In this research, the thermal conductivity and viscosity of Zinc Oxide (ZnO)-based NFs in deionized water (DIW) were tested at mass concentrations ranging from 0.012 to 0.048&#xa0;mass% and temperatures of 20–60&#xa0;°C. There was a rising trend in thermal conductivity and viscosity with increasing temperature and NPs’ mass concentration, and maximum enhancements were 18.27% and 20.31%, respectively, for NPs at 0.048&#xa0;mass% and 40&#xa0;°C. The thermal and hydraulic performance of the NFs was investigated in a minichannel test setup using an experimental and computational approach for the aforementioned NPs concentrations and volume flow rates ranging from 12.0 to 24.0&#xa0;mL&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup> under constant heat flux boundary conditions. The maximum enhancements in the local heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and the Nusselt number were 12.34% and 9.66%, respectively, at a NPs mass concentration of 0.048&#xa0;mass% and a flow rate of 24.0&#xa0;mL&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup>. The corresponding hydraulic penalties were recorded to be 12–14% at 12.0–24.0&#xa0;mL&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup> flow rate of the NFs. The experimental and computational findings were in good agreement, with deviations of 15.0%, 18.0%, and 7.0% for local HTC, local Nusselt Number, and hydraulic penalties, respectively. Their performance evaluation criteria (PEC) also confirmed that ultra-low NPs concentrations (0.012–0.024&#xa0;mass%) offer the most favorable thermal–hydraulic compromise, thereby establishing the suitability of the NFs for high heat flux thermal management.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Performance investigation of ZnO/DIW-based nanofluids in compact channel heat exchanger using experimental and numerical approach for sustainable heat transfer applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • Annas Karim,
  • Adnan Qamar,
  • Muhammad Amjad,
  • Rabia Shaukat,
  • Muhammad Ali Shahbaz,
  • Shafiq Ahmad,
  • Fahid Riaz,
  • S. A. Sherif,
  • Shuli Liu

摘要

The demand for advanced heat transfer fluids (HTFs) has increased significantly in the past two decades due to the limited thermal performance of conventional fluids in handling the high heat fluxes from next-generation high-tech systems. Nanofluids (NFs) consisting of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit better thermophysical properties and dispersion stability than conventional HTFs. In this research, the thermal conductivity and viscosity of Zinc Oxide (ZnO)-based NFs in deionized water (DIW) were tested at mass concentrations ranging from 0.012 to 0.048 mass% and temperatures of 20–60 °C. There was a rising trend in thermal conductivity and viscosity with increasing temperature and NPs’ mass concentration, and maximum enhancements were 18.27% and 20.31%, respectively, for NPs at 0.048 mass% and 40 °C. The thermal and hydraulic performance of the NFs was investigated in a minichannel test setup using an experimental and computational approach for the aforementioned NPs concentrations and volume flow rates ranging from 12.0 to 24.0 mL min−1 under constant heat flux boundary conditions. The maximum enhancements in the local heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and the Nusselt number were 12.34% and 9.66%, respectively, at a NPs mass concentration of 0.048 mass% and a flow rate of 24.0 mL min−1. The corresponding hydraulic penalties were recorded to be 12–14% at 12.0–24.0 mL min−1 flow rate of the NFs. The experimental and computational findings were in good agreement, with deviations of 15.0%, 18.0%, and 7.0% for local HTC, local Nusselt Number, and hydraulic penalties, respectively. Their performance evaluation criteria (PEC) also confirmed that ultra-low NPs concentrations (0.012–0.024 mass%) offer the most favorable thermal–hydraulic compromise, thereby establishing the suitability of the NFs for high heat flux thermal management.

Graphical abstract