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<p>The thermal management of lithium-ion batteries is very essential particularly in regions such as Kashmir in the Himalayas where the temperature variations range from −&#xa0;4&#xa0;°C to 24&#xa0;°C to ensure the safety, efficiency and longevity of the electric vehicle battery packs. The present study primarily investigates the effects of seasonal ambient temperatures in Kashmir (winter: 4&#xa0;°C, spring/autumn: 15&#xa0;°C, summer: 22&#xa0;°C) with varying discharge rates (2C and 3C) and Reynolds numbers (4000–13,000) on the thermal performance of the lithium-ion battery packs. A Finite Element Method based COMSOL Multi-physics software is used to numerically investigate the effect of varying discharge rates, ambient temperatures and Reynolds numbers in staggered and inline battery configurations. Maximum Temperature (<i>T</i><sub>max</sub>) and maximum temperature difference (Δ<i>T</i>) are used as thermal performance assessment parameters. A relative performance assessment between the two battery configurations reveals that the staggered battery arrangement depicts better cooling efficiency at higher discharge rates and higher inlet temperatures. Results show that raising the Reynolds number raises cooling quite considerably, from a Δ<i>T</i> of ~ 6.5&#xa0;K at Re = 4000 to ~ 3&#xa0;K at Re = 13,000 for the inline configuration. On average, the staggered configuration maintained the <i>T</i><sub>max</sub> below 310&#xa0;K and achieved more uniform temperature, enabling EV battery packs to function reliably under the extreme climatic conditions of Kashmir.</p>

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Lithium-ion battery thermal management system for regional temperature extremes in Himalayan climates: a CFD analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月2日

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  • Amir Yousf Sofi,
  • Mehwish Jan,
  • Adnan Qayoum

摘要

The thermal management of lithium-ion batteries is very essential particularly in regions such as Kashmir in the Himalayas where the temperature variations range from − 4 °C to 24 °C to ensure the safety, efficiency and longevity of the electric vehicle battery packs. The present study primarily investigates the effects of seasonal ambient temperatures in Kashmir (winter: 4 °C, spring/autumn: 15 °C, summer: 22 °C) with varying discharge rates (2C and 3C) and Reynolds numbers (4000–13,000) on the thermal performance of the lithium-ion battery packs. A Finite Element Method based COMSOL Multi-physics software is used to numerically investigate the effect of varying discharge rates, ambient temperatures and Reynolds numbers in staggered and inline battery configurations. Maximum Temperature (Tmax) and maximum temperature difference (ΔT) are used as thermal performance assessment parameters. A relative performance assessment between the two battery configurations reveals that the staggered battery arrangement depicts better cooling efficiency at higher discharge rates and higher inlet temperatures. Results show that raising the Reynolds number raises cooling quite considerably, from a ΔT of ~ 6.5 K at Re = 4000 to ~ 3 K at Re = 13,000 for the inline configuration. On average, the staggered configuration maintained the Tmax below 310 K and achieved more uniform temperature, enabling EV battery packs to function reliably under the extreme climatic conditions of Kashmir.