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<p>To enhance the cooling of hybrid solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems, this study examines the fluid behavior of MAX phase/ethanol and MAX phase/methanol nanofluids in two-phase closed thermosyphons (TPCT). According to the results, the optimal angle for absorbing solar energy with both nanofluids is 30°. In every tested angle, the ethanol-based nanofluid continuously outperformed the others in terms of capturing solar energy. A 50% filling ratio produced the best thermal performance, resulting in lower rear panel temperatures and higher output power. Because ethanol has a lower viscosity and a more negative zeta potential, it has a slightly higher heat transfer efficiency. Temperature drop and output power were further enhanced by increasing the nanofluid concentration to 1.0%, resulting in a maximum temperature reduction of 20.5&#xa0;°C and a power increase of 1.73 W behind the panel. Although both nanofluids improved electrical efficiency at lower concentrations, methanol exhibited marginally higher electrical efficiency at 1.0%. The results of the energy analysis showed that the MAX phase/methanol nanofluid had a marginally higher exergy efficiency (16.04%) than the MAX phase/ethanol (15.54%), suggesting a greater potential for improving exergy performance. While MAX phase/methanol nanofluid offers benefits in exergy efficiency, MAX phase/ethanol nanofluid is superior overall in improving solar energy efficiency and thermal management, highlighting the significance of customized nanofluid optimization for renewable energy applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Thermal, electrical, and exergy performance optimization of hybrid PV/T systems using MAX phase-based nanofluids: a comparative study of ethanol and methanol

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月20日

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  • Amirhosein Dashtbozorg,
  • Behnaz Safarianbana,
  • Mehdi Shanbedi

摘要

To enhance the cooling of hybrid solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems, this study examines the fluid behavior of MAX phase/ethanol and MAX phase/methanol nanofluids in two-phase closed thermosyphons (TPCT). According to the results, the optimal angle for absorbing solar energy with both nanofluids is 30°. In every tested angle, the ethanol-based nanofluid continuously outperformed the others in terms of capturing solar energy. A 50% filling ratio produced the best thermal performance, resulting in lower rear panel temperatures and higher output power. Because ethanol has a lower viscosity and a more negative zeta potential, it has a slightly higher heat transfer efficiency. Temperature drop and output power were further enhanced by increasing the nanofluid concentration to 1.0%, resulting in a maximum temperature reduction of 20.5 °C and a power increase of 1.73 W behind the panel. Although both nanofluids improved electrical efficiency at lower concentrations, methanol exhibited marginally higher electrical efficiency at 1.0%. The results of the energy analysis showed that the MAX phase/methanol nanofluid had a marginally higher exergy efficiency (16.04%) than the MAX phase/ethanol (15.54%), suggesting a greater potential for improving exergy performance. While MAX phase/methanol nanofluid offers benefits in exergy efficiency, MAX phase/ethanol nanofluid is superior overall in improving solar energy efficiency and thermal management, highlighting the significance of customized nanofluid optimization for renewable energy applications.

Graphical abstract