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<p>The growing demand for sustainable and high-performance materials has accelerated research into biodegradable polymer composites suitable for functional and engineering applications. In this research, additively manufactured polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) composites reinforced with heat-treated and surface-modified horsetail-derived biosilica were developed and systematically evaluated. Composite filaments containing varying biosilica volume fractions were fabricated through melt compounding and extrusion followed by fused deposition modelling to produce test specimens. Mechanical, tribological and flammability properties were investigated to establish structure–property relationships. The results reveal that biosilica incorporation significantly improves composite performance when compared to neat PHA. In particular, the composite containing 2 vol. % biosilica (MB2) exhibited the best overall performance achieving a maximum tensile strength of 61.7&#xa0;MPa, flexural strength of 92.6&#xa0;MPa, impact strength of 3.34&#xa0;J and Shore D hardness of 79. Moreover, MB2 demonstrated enhanced wear resistance with a reduced specific wear rate of 0.023 mm<sup>3</sup> Nm<sup>-1</sup> and a lower coefficient of friction of 0.37. In terms of fire behaviour, the flame propagation rate decreased from 35&#xa0;mm min<sup>-1</sup> for neat PHA to 19&#xa0;mm min<sup>-1</sup> for MB2 while maintaining an HB rating with no dripping or cotton ignition. Therefore, the combined effects of biosilica heat treatment, surface modification and additive manufacturing resulted in a balanced enhancement of mechanical integrity, surface durability and flame retardancy. These finding indicate that biosilica-reinforced PHA composites are promising candidates for sustainable, lightweight and multifunctional engineering applications.</p>

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Structure–property relationships of heat-treated and chemically modified horsetail biosilica in additively manufactured polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) composites

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月26日

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  • Nagaraj Basavegowda,
  • Prashant Sharma,
  • Navin Kedia,
  • Vinayagam Mohanavel,
  • Manickam Ravichandran,
  • S.Rajkumar,
  • Seeniappan Kaliappan,
  • Sathish Kannan,
  • Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar

摘要

The growing demand for sustainable and high-performance materials has accelerated research into biodegradable polymer composites suitable for functional and engineering applications. In this research, additively manufactured polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) composites reinforced with heat-treated and surface-modified horsetail-derived biosilica were developed and systematically evaluated. Composite filaments containing varying biosilica volume fractions were fabricated through melt compounding and extrusion followed by fused deposition modelling to produce test specimens. Mechanical, tribological and flammability properties were investigated to establish structure–property relationships. The results reveal that biosilica incorporation significantly improves composite performance when compared to neat PHA. In particular, the composite containing 2 vol. % biosilica (MB2) exhibited the best overall performance achieving a maximum tensile strength of 61.7 MPa, flexural strength of 92.6 MPa, impact strength of 3.34 J and Shore D hardness of 79. Moreover, MB2 demonstrated enhanced wear resistance with a reduced specific wear rate of 0.023 mm3 Nm-1 and a lower coefficient of friction of 0.37. In terms of fire behaviour, the flame propagation rate decreased from 35 mm min-1 for neat PHA to 19 mm min-1 for MB2 while maintaining an HB rating with no dripping or cotton ignition. Therefore, the combined effects of biosilica heat treatment, surface modification and additive manufacturing resulted in a balanced enhancement of mechanical integrity, surface durability and flame retardancy. These finding indicate that biosilica-reinforced PHA composites are promising candidates for sustainable, lightweight and multifunctional engineering applications.