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<p>Hybrid nanofluids, which combine two or more types of nanomaterials in a base fluid, have garnered significant attention due to their enhanced thermophysical properties compared to conventional fluids and single nanofluids. The performance of hybrid nanofluids can be optimized by adjusting the mixing ratio, demonstrating greater flexibility for thermal system optimization. In this work, an experimental investigation was conducted to assess the thermophysical properties of water-based clove-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CT-MWCNTs) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) hybrid nanofluids by varying both the mixing ratio and operating temperature. Five different mixing ratios (20:80, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, and 80:20) were prepared, tested, and analyzed at five different working temperatures (30, 35, 40, 45, and 50&#xa0;°C) with a fixed concentration of 0.1&#xa0;mass%. The findings revealed that the thermal conductivity increased consistently with CT-MWCNTs content, indicating a maximum enhancement of 15.12% at a 80:20 mixing ratio and 50&#xa0;°C, compared to the base fluid. Conversely, the dynamic viscosity decreased with increasing proportion of hBN, showing a minimum increase of 5.06% at a 20:80 mixing ratio and 30&#xa0;°C, compared to the base fluid. A comprehensive hydrothermal evaluation revealed that the 60:40 mixing ratio was the optimum ratio, offering an excellent balance between enhanced thermal conductivity and manageable viscosity. These findings affirm the potential of using hybrid nanofluids as efficient working fluids in thermal applications.</p>

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Synergistic effects of nanomaterial composition and temperature on the thermophysical properties of clove-treated MWCNTs/hBN hybrid nanofluids for thermal applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月13日

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  • Mohanad A. Alfellag,
  • Salim Newaz Kazi,
  • Rab Nawaz,
  • Samr Ul Hasnain,
  • Ammar Ahmed,
  • Kaleemullah Shaikh

摘要

Hybrid nanofluids, which combine two or more types of nanomaterials in a base fluid, have garnered significant attention due to their enhanced thermophysical properties compared to conventional fluids and single nanofluids. The performance of hybrid nanofluids can be optimized by adjusting the mixing ratio, demonstrating greater flexibility for thermal system optimization. In this work, an experimental investigation was conducted to assess the thermophysical properties of water-based clove-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CT-MWCNTs) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) hybrid nanofluids by varying both the mixing ratio and operating temperature. Five different mixing ratios (20:80, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, and 80:20) were prepared, tested, and analyzed at five different working temperatures (30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 °C) with a fixed concentration of 0.1 mass%. The findings revealed that the thermal conductivity increased consistently with CT-MWCNTs content, indicating a maximum enhancement of 15.12% at a 80:20 mixing ratio and 50 °C, compared to the base fluid. Conversely, the dynamic viscosity decreased with increasing proportion of hBN, showing a minimum increase of 5.06% at a 20:80 mixing ratio and 30 °C, compared to the base fluid. A comprehensive hydrothermal evaluation revealed that the 60:40 mixing ratio was the optimum ratio, offering an excellent balance between enhanced thermal conductivity and manageable viscosity. These findings affirm the potential of using hybrid nanofluids as efficient working fluids in thermal applications.