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<p>The aim of this study was to improve the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a Eurodiesel (B7) engine by adding aluminum oxide (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) nanoparticles to the fuel. Despite extensive work on nanoparticle assisted diesel combustion, systematic optimization methods that quantify performance, emission trade-offs, and identify the ideal nanoparticle dosage under real engine loads remain scarce. To address this gap, this research evaluated four engine loads (0.3 to 3&#xa0;bar BMEP) and nanoparticle concentrations between 0 and 100&#xa0;ppm using a comprehensive response surface methodology (RSM) framework supported by three optimization strategies. Experimental results revealed that the addition of 100&#xa0;ppm Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> yielded the most significant improvements, increasing brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 23.08% and reducing brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) by 20.52% compared to pure Eurodiesel at high loads. Furthermore, significant reductions were observed in exhaust emissions, including CO (34.48%), HC (23.4%), NO<sub>x</sub> (36.8%), and smoke opacity (54.7%). Combustion analysis indicated that the nanoparticles acted as effective catalysts, reducing ignition delay by 9.09% and increasing peak cylinder pressure by 10.7%. The developed RSM models demonstrated high predictive accuracy with R<sup>2</sup> values exceeding 0.87. Finally, a cost analysis confirmed the economic viability of the additive, showing a potential net profit increase of up to 0.0951 € L<sup>–1</sup>. These findings indicate that a 100&#xa0;ppm Al₂O₃ dosage optimally enhances engine efficiency and sustainability by improving atomization, strengthening catalytic oxidation, and enabling cleaner and more efficient combustion in B7 engines without requiring any mechanical modifications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Investigating and optimizing the influence of Al2O3 nanoparticles on the combustion and performance of B7 fuel using a comprehensive RSM-based multivariate approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月21日

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  • Mehmet Ali Kallioğlu

摘要

The aim of this study was to improve the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a Eurodiesel (B7) engine by adding aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles to the fuel. Despite extensive work on nanoparticle assisted diesel combustion, systematic optimization methods that quantify performance, emission trade-offs, and identify the ideal nanoparticle dosage under real engine loads remain scarce. To address this gap, this research evaluated four engine loads (0.3 to 3 bar BMEP) and nanoparticle concentrations between 0 and 100 ppm using a comprehensive response surface methodology (RSM) framework supported by three optimization strategies. Experimental results revealed that the addition of 100 ppm Al2O3 yielded the most significant improvements, increasing brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 23.08% and reducing brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) by 20.52% compared to pure Eurodiesel at high loads. Furthermore, significant reductions were observed in exhaust emissions, including CO (34.48%), HC (23.4%), NOx (36.8%), and smoke opacity (54.7%). Combustion analysis indicated that the nanoparticles acted as effective catalysts, reducing ignition delay by 9.09% and increasing peak cylinder pressure by 10.7%. The developed RSM models demonstrated high predictive accuracy with R2 values exceeding 0.87. Finally, a cost analysis confirmed the economic viability of the additive, showing a potential net profit increase of up to 0.0951 € L–1. These findings indicate that a 100 ppm Al₂O₃ dosage optimally enhances engine efficiency and sustainability by improving atomization, strengthening catalytic oxidation, and enabling cleaner and more efficient combustion in B7 engines without requiring any mechanical modifications.

Graphical abstract