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<p>The current worldwide shift to sustainable energy requires supply systems that need innovative methods to boost efficiency and reduce environmental pollution. This paper outlines the experimental investigation of the performance of three eco-friendly refrigerants—R1234yf, R1336mzz (Z), and R1233zd (E)—as working fluids in organic rankine cycle (ORC) systems for waste heat recovery from diesel engines. A comprehensive thermodynamic modeling and simulation to check the performance of these fluids under normal diesel engine exhaust conditions (300–500 °C) using Aspen Plus along with Peng-Robinson equation of state. The scope of this study includes thermal efficiency analysis, exergy destruction assessment, and environmental impact evaluation through total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) calculations. Results demonstrate that R1233zd (E) consistently outperforms the alternatives, achieving 14.2% thermal efficiency and 75.6 kW power output at 400 °C exhaust temperature, compared to R1336mzz (Z) (13.1%, 70.1 kW) and R1234yf (12.5%, 68.5 kW). According to exergy analysis, R1233zd (E) maintains the highest exergy efficiency of 45.8%, whereas 42.3% is for R1336mzz (Z) and 40.1% for R1234yf. The analysis shows the evaporator and expander are responsible for the largest part of the exergy destruction (65–70%), with R1233zd (E) having the lowest destruction rates. All three fluids are environmentally friendly as they have near-zero global warming potential; however, R1233zd (E) receives the lowest TEWI over a 15-year system lifetime (18,750 kg CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent), therefore, representing 15.5 and 22.8% lower impact than R1336mzz (Z) and R1234yf, respectively. The best operating conditions for R1233zd (E) are 3.1 MPa expander inlet pressure and 35 °C condensation temperature. These results represent valuable, data-driven directions for choosing working fluids in waste heat recovery applications, and they have the potential to increase energy efficiency by 5–8% and reduce environmental impacts in transportation and power generation sectors. The novelty of this work lies in the first comprehensive comparison of these three low-GWP fluids under identical operating conditions, integrated thermodynamic-environmental assessment framework, and component-level optimization insights specific to diesel engine applications.</p>

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A study on thermal and exergy analysis of alternative refrigerants for DIESEL engine waste heat recovery systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • Oumaima Douadi,
  • Rajesh Ravi,
  • Mustapha Faqir,
  • Elhachmi Essadiqi

摘要

The current worldwide shift to sustainable energy requires supply systems that need innovative methods to boost efficiency and reduce environmental pollution. This paper outlines the experimental investigation of the performance of three eco-friendly refrigerants—R1234yf, R1336mzz (Z), and R1233zd (E)—as working fluids in organic rankine cycle (ORC) systems for waste heat recovery from diesel engines. A comprehensive thermodynamic modeling and simulation to check the performance of these fluids under normal diesel engine exhaust conditions (300–500 °C) using Aspen Plus along with Peng-Robinson equation of state. The scope of this study includes thermal efficiency analysis, exergy destruction assessment, and environmental impact evaluation through total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) calculations. Results demonstrate that R1233zd (E) consistently outperforms the alternatives, achieving 14.2% thermal efficiency and 75.6 kW power output at 400 °C exhaust temperature, compared to R1336mzz (Z) (13.1%, 70.1 kW) and R1234yf (12.5%, 68.5 kW). According to exergy analysis, R1233zd (E) maintains the highest exergy efficiency of 45.8%, whereas 42.3% is for R1336mzz (Z) and 40.1% for R1234yf. The analysis shows the evaporator and expander are responsible for the largest part of the exergy destruction (65–70%), with R1233zd (E) having the lowest destruction rates. All three fluids are environmentally friendly as they have near-zero global warming potential; however, R1233zd (E) receives the lowest TEWI over a 15-year system lifetime (18,750 kg CO2 equivalent), therefore, representing 15.5 and 22.8% lower impact than R1336mzz (Z) and R1234yf, respectively. The best operating conditions for R1233zd (E) are 3.1 MPa expander inlet pressure and 35 °C condensation temperature. These results represent valuable, data-driven directions for choosing working fluids in waste heat recovery applications, and they have the potential to increase energy efficiency by 5–8% and reduce environmental impacts in transportation and power generation sectors. The novelty of this work lies in the first comprehensive comparison of these three low-GWP fluids under identical operating conditions, integrated thermodynamic-environmental assessment framework, and component-level optimization insights specific to diesel engine applications.