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<p>This study explores the drying of fresh strawberry slices using a pp IoT-enabled, far-infrared-assisted solar dryer with precise temperature regulation. Comprehensive experimental evaluations, including energy and exergy analyses, performance coefficients, dimensionless numbers, mass transfer coefficients, and drying efficiency, were conducted to assess the synergy of far-infrared wavelengths and solar energy. The far-infrared greenhouse dryer (IR-GHD) achieved a maximum thermal efficiency of 24.93%, compared to 32.6% in passive mode, while energy efficiencies reached 35.83% for IR-GHD and 33.40% for passive greenhouse drying. Drying efficiencies peaked at 8.75% for IR-GHD and 5.17% for passive mode, demonstrating enhanced system performance due to infrared energy supplementation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed significant spectral shifts in the 2800–3700&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup> region, indicative of molecular changes, while <i>X</i>-ray diffraction (XRD) and microstructural analyses confirmed the amorphous nature of dried strawberry samples, driven by interactions between organic acids and monosaccharides, critical for optimizing drying efficiency in the IoT-based IR-GHD. Although infrared lamps increase energy consumption, they significantly reduce drying time, preserve color quality, and ensure effective performance under low solar intensity. Temperature regulation via servo motors and Arduino platforms further addresses drying non-uniformity, enhancing process reliability. These findings highlight the potential of IoT-enabled IR-GHD for sustainable, efficient drying of agricultural products with reduced environmental impact.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Thermodynamic analysis of heat and mass transfer of strawberry slices in an IoT-based solar–infrared hybrid dryer

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月13日

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  • Shafat Ahmad Khan,
  • Madhuresh Dwivedi,
  • Aamir Hussain Dar,
  • Sushil Kumar Singh,
  • Umar Sultan,
  • Aayat Haroon

摘要

This study explores the drying of fresh strawberry slices using a pp IoT-enabled, far-infrared-assisted solar dryer with precise temperature regulation. Comprehensive experimental evaluations, including energy and exergy analyses, performance coefficients, dimensionless numbers, mass transfer coefficients, and drying efficiency, were conducted to assess the synergy of far-infrared wavelengths and solar energy. The far-infrared greenhouse dryer (IR-GHD) achieved a maximum thermal efficiency of 24.93%, compared to 32.6% in passive mode, while energy efficiencies reached 35.83% for IR-GHD and 33.40% for passive greenhouse drying. Drying efficiencies peaked at 8.75% for IR-GHD and 5.17% for passive mode, demonstrating enhanced system performance due to infrared energy supplementation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed significant spectral shifts in the 2800–3700 cm−1 region, indicative of molecular changes, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microstructural analyses confirmed the amorphous nature of dried strawberry samples, driven by interactions between organic acids and monosaccharides, critical for optimizing drying efficiency in the IoT-based IR-GHD. Although infrared lamps increase energy consumption, they significantly reduce drying time, preserve color quality, and ensure effective performance under low solar intensity. Temperature regulation via servo motors and Arduino platforms further addresses drying non-uniformity, enhancing process reliability. These findings highlight the potential of IoT-enabled IR-GHD for sustainable, efficient drying of agricultural products with reduced environmental impact.

Graphical Abstract