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<p>This study aims to numerically and experimentally evaluate the thermal performance of a flat-plate solar water heater using nanofluids, addressing the critical need to enhance solar energy utilization efficiency through advanced working media. A 3D model was developed based on the collector’s physical structure, supported by experimental validation using a parallel test rig under summer conditions. The results demonstrated that nanofluids significantly outperform water, with Cu nanofluid improving maximum collection efficiency by 21.45% and Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanofluid by 16.97%, while the absorber plate exhibited the most uniform temperature gradient with Cu nanofluid. Efficiency increased with higher nanoparticle mass fraction (0.05–0.2 mass%) and flow rate (0.8–1.5&#xa0;L·min<sup>−1</sup>), and smaller particle sizes (30&#xa0;nm vs. 50&#xa0;nm) further enhanced performance. Cu nanofluid achieved optimal thermal performance due to its high intrinsic thermal conductivity, and the optimal parameters for maximum efficiency were identified as 0.2 mass% mass fraction, 30&#xa0;nm particle size, and 1.5&#xa0;L·min<sup>−1</sup> flow rate. This work establishing a theoretical foundation for optimizing nanofluid-based solar thermal systems.</p>

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Study on the thermal collection performance of a nanofluid-based flat-plate solar water heater

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月9日

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  • Peng Cang,
  • Hongbo Song,
  • Zhen Wang,
  • Yubao Fang

摘要

This study aims to numerically and experimentally evaluate the thermal performance of a flat-plate solar water heater using nanofluids, addressing the critical need to enhance solar energy utilization efficiency through advanced working media. A 3D model was developed based on the collector’s physical structure, supported by experimental validation using a parallel test rig under summer conditions. The results demonstrated that nanofluids significantly outperform water, with Cu nanofluid improving maximum collection efficiency by 21.45% and Fe3O4 nanofluid by 16.97%, while the absorber plate exhibited the most uniform temperature gradient with Cu nanofluid. Efficiency increased with higher nanoparticle mass fraction (0.05–0.2 mass%) and flow rate (0.8–1.5 L·min−1), and smaller particle sizes (30 nm vs. 50 nm) further enhanced performance. Cu nanofluid achieved optimal thermal performance due to its high intrinsic thermal conductivity, and the optimal parameters for maximum efficiency were identified as 0.2 mass% mass fraction, 30 nm particle size, and 1.5 L·min−1 flow rate. This work establishing a theoretical foundation for optimizing nanofluid-based solar thermal systems.