<p>The thermal management of vehicle-mounted power batteries has emerged as a critical research focus, propelled by the rapid growth of the electric vehicle industry. During operation, batteries generate substantial heat, which may result in overheating, performance deterioration, shortened life span, and even thermal safety hazards, if not effectively dissipated. This paper presents a comprehensive review of thermal management technologies for vehicle-mounted batteries, covering key aspects such as internal temperature estimation, conventional cooling methods (e.g., air cooling, liquid cooling, and phase change materials), and emerging thermoelectric data integrated solutions. While traditional thermal management approaches offer distinct advantages in practical applications, they are also subject to inherent limitations. Emerging technologies, which integrate multi-source data and optimization algorithms, demonstrate significant improvements in thermal management efficiency and reliability. Furthermore, innovations such as cloud-based digital twins and sparse sampling data processing introduce novel methodologies through big data analytics and efficient data utilization, paving the way for more intelligent and stable long-term battery thermal management systems.</p>