<p>The quantitative characterization of heat flux and thermal dose is highly significant for assessing combustion injuries and designing industrial safety protection measures. In this study, a high-power laser was used to simulate the heat flux field of an exploding fireball, and laser ablation experiments were conducted on 3 combustible materials: kraft paper, nitrated kraft paper, and nitrocellulose membrane. The analysis of thermal thickness, ignition time, and combustion behavior of the samples demonstrated that all 3 combustible materials adhere to the ignition model for thermally thin materials. The higher the intensity of the heat flux is, the shorter the ignition time is, indicating a linear relationship between the 2 variables. Among these materials, the nitrocellulose membrane exhibits a higher sensitivity to heat flux, making it suitable for evaluating the transient heat flux field generated by real explosion fireballs. In the static explosion experiments, the nitrocellulose membrane displayed differences in response patterns under varying strengths of the transient heat flux field. Furthermore, models were established to assess the peak transient heat flux of various explosion fireballs to calculate the thermal dose thresholds for nitrocellulose film responses under different heat flux fields. These thresholds converged to a similar level, with a maximum deviation of 2.20%. The findings of this research offer methodological support and foundational data for the quantitative assessment of thermal dose in combustion injury scenarios.</p>