This paper deals with the two-dimensional numerical modelling and dynamic simulation of photovoltaic (PV) module attached with phase change material (PCM) loaded with different nanoparticles (to form PV-NEPCMs) operating at various inclinations ( \(\theta\) ) for thermal regulation. The study investigates PV-NEPCM systems using n-octadecane PCM loaded with titanium dioxide (TiO2), copper (Cu), and cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles at a mass concentration of 3%. The inclination angles considered are 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°. Additionally, the effect of varying Cu nanoparticle mass concentrations (0%, 3%, and 5%) is analysed. The findings show that loading of nanoparticles in PCM improves rate of heat transfer and effective thermal conductivity. Out of three NEPCMs studied, Cu nanoparticles are able to give the lowest average PV temperature. The maximum PV temperature reduction of 1.67 °C compared to the conventional PV-PCM system is obtained for PV-NEPCM loaded with Cu nanoparticles at 0° inclination, and the relative impact of NEPCM diminishes with the increase in inclination. It is also found that the mean velocity magnitudes of melted NEPCMs are lower than pure PCM at all inclinations, indicating a decrease in strength of the convection current in NEPCMs. The PV power output rose from 18.6 W in the PCM system to 18.82 W in the Cu-loaded NEPCM system at an inclination of 0°. The study also investigates the effect of varying Cu nanoparticle mass concentration in NEPCM on PV temperature. The greatest PV temperature reductions of 2.37 °C at 0° and 1.03 °C at 45° are observed compared to the conventional PV-PCM system.
