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<p>When liquid storage tanks are accidentally exposed to fire, they may explode due to rising internal pressure and structural deformation. To better understand failure mechanisms, this study examines the thermal response of externally heated tanks. Through combined experimental and computational analysis, we investigated thermal behaviors at various fill levels. Notably, temperature distributions in both the stored medium and tank walls, along with pressure responses, exhibited distinct patterns depending on fill levels. Our findings reveal that heated tanks experience rapid liquid temperature stratification, with thermal stratification intensity increasing proportionally to fill level. Interestingly, while pressure and evaporation rates at the vapor–liquid interface rose with fill level, wall temperature changes demonstrated an inverse relationship. Considering that both high temperature and high pressure could lead to a tank failure, a functional relationship between the probability of tank failure and filling levels has been established to reveal the combined effect of the wall temperature and pressure.</p>

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Experimental and numerical study on the thermal response of vertical water tanks with different filling levels

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月7日

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  • Chengyu Zhu,
  • Jiyun Wang,
  • Xiaoyang Yu,
  • Ruowen Zong

摘要

When liquid storage tanks are accidentally exposed to fire, they may explode due to rising internal pressure and structural deformation. To better understand failure mechanisms, this study examines the thermal response of externally heated tanks. Through combined experimental and computational analysis, we investigated thermal behaviors at various fill levels. Notably, temperature distributions in both the stored medium and tank walls, along with pressure responses, exhibited distinct patterns depending on fill levels. Our findings reveal that heated tanks experience rapid liquid temperature stratification, with thermal stratification intensity increasing proportionally to fill level. Interestingly, while pressure and evaporation rates at the vapor–liquid interface rose with fill level, wall temperature changes demonstrated an inverse relationship. Considering that both high temperature and high pressure could lead to a tank failure, a functional relationship between the probability of tank failure and filling levels has been established to reveal the combined effect of the wall temperature and pressure.