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<p>This study investigates the thermal behavior of a cross-ternary hybrid nanofluid made of aluminum oxide (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>), and silicon dioxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles dispersed in kerosene oil base fluid. It examines interactions with dust particles over a Riga plate embedded in a porous medium. The model captures both the fluid and dusty phases under Darcy–Forchheimer flow, including bio-convection effects caused by motile microorganisms. The governing partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and solved numerically with MATLAB’s built-in bvp4c solver. The choice of bvp4c is justified by its robustness in handling nonlinear boundary value problems with adaptive mesh refinement and reliable accuracy. Validation is achieved by comparing results with previously published data for specific cases, ensuring the numerical method’s reliability. Results show that the ternary hybrid nanofluid has superior thermal performance compared to traditional hybrid nanofluids, with a higher temperature increase in the fluid phase. The effects of key parameters such as the Weissenberg number, magnetic field strength, and porosity are also analyzed, along with their physical implications. These findings provide useful insights for industrial heat transfer applications, especially in energy systems and fuel-based technologies.</p>

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Thermal dynamics of a dusty tripartite cross-hybrid nanomaterial on a Riga plate interacting with dust particles: a numerical approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月14日

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  • Muhammad Awais,
  • Muhammad Hamzah,
  • Muhammad Ishaq,
  • Muhammad Ramzan,
  • Abdulrahman A. Almehizia,
  • Amer Alhaj Zen

摘要

This study investigates the thermal behavior of a cross-ternary hybrid nanofluid made of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles dispersed in kerosene oil base fluid. It examines interactions with dust particles over a Riga plate embedded in a porous medium. The model captures both the fluid and dusty phases under Darcy–Forchheimer flow, including bio-convection effects caused by motile microorganisms. The governing partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and solved numerically with MATLAB’s built-in bvp4c solver. The choice of bvp4c is justified by its robustness in handling nonlinear boundary value problems with adaptive mesh refinement and reliable accuracy. Validation is achieved by comparing results with previously published data for specific cases, ensuring the numerical method’s reliability. Results show that the ternary hybrid nanofluid has superior thermal performance compared to traditional hybrid nanofluids, with a higher temperature increase in the fluid phase. The effects of key parameters such as the Weissenberg number, magnetic field strength, and porosity are also analyzed, along with their physical implications. These findings provide useful insights for industrial heat transfer applications, especially in energy systems and fuel-based technologies.