<p>The thermo-acoustic analysis is vital in understanding the nature and molecular interactions formed by adding solute in solvent systems with various composition temperatures. For this purpose, the ultrasonic velocity, density, and viscosity have been measured at 1&#xa0;MHz for multi-charged electrolyte Potassium chromate with aqueous 5% Tetrahydrofuran at different concentrations and temperatures. The experiment yielded some new observations of the thermo-acoustic response of the system with temperature increase. Of particular interest was that velocity, acoustic impedance, and Gibbs free energy were observed to increase systematically with an increase in temperature. This pattern suggests improved molecular interactions and structural ordering of the system with increased thermal energy. On the other hand, properties like adiabatic compressibility, relaxation time, and intermolecular free length went down with temperature, indicating decreasing free space within the molecules and higher resistance to compression, presumably resulting from more compact molecular packing. These findings represent drastic deviations from ideal behavior, particularly compressibility and free length, which in ideal systems would not be such strong functions of temperature. These deviations indicate the existence of non-ideal interactions such as hydrogen bonding or dipole–dipole interactions within the mixture.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Thermo-acoustic analysis of potassium chromate with 5% tetrahydrofuran at different temperatures

  • Rajalaxmi Panda,
  • Subhraraj Panda

摘要

The thermo-acoustic analysis is vital in understanding the nature and molecular interactions formed by adding solute in solvent systems with various composition temperatures. For this purpose, the ultrasonic velocity, density, and viscosity have been measured at 1 MHz for multi-charged electrolyte Potassium chromate with aqueous 5% Tetrahydrofuran at different concentrations and temperatures. The experiment yielded some new observations of the thermo-acoustic response of the system with temperature increase. Of particular interest was that velocity, acoustic impedance, and Gibbs free energy were observed to increase systematically with an increase in temperature. This pattern suggests improved molecular interactions and structural ordering of the system with increased thermal energy. On the other hand, properties like adiabatic compressibility, relaxation time, and intermolecular free length went down with temperature, indicating decreasing free space within the molecules and higher resistance to compression, presumably resulting from more compact molecular packing. These findings represent drastic deviations from ideal behavior, particularly compressibility and free length, which in ideal systems would not be such strong functions of temperature. These deviations indicate the existence of non-ideal interactions such as hydrogen bonding or dipole–dipole interactions within the mixture.

Graphical abstract