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<p>Thermal runaway (TR) in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) poses significant fire and explosion risks, primarily driven by substantial heat release and combustible gas emissions. Despite this critical safety concern, systematic investigations into gas release patterns and explosion dynamics under varying mechanical penetration conditions remain limited. This study systematically examines four key parameters—penetration duration, breach area, battery capacity, and ignition methods to elucidate their TR mechanisms. Key findings reveal that while short-circuiting from penetration generates minimal direct heat, it critically accelerates subsequent thermal runaway processes. Our developed mechanistic model demonstrates that TR initiation depends fundamentally on achieving sufficient initial penetration depth to establish sustained short-circuit conditions. Experimental data show maximum normalized heat generation of 5.8&#xa0;kJ&#xa0;Ah<sup>−1</sup> in 280 Ah batteries, whereas smaller capacities exhibit inverse gas release behavior, peaking at 0.35&#xa0;L&#xa0;Ah<sup>−1</sup>. Manual ignition tests recorded violent explosions with peak overpressure reaching 285.3&#xa0;kPa, attributed to rapid consumption of CO, CH<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, and C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub>. These insights advance fundamental understanding of penetration-induced TR cascades and provide critical empirical support for developing effective suppression strategies in large-scale energy storage applications.</p>

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Study on the thermal runaway and explosion characteristics of penetration-induced li-ion battery hazard in confined space

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月29日

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  • Tong Liu,
  • Xiangyu Hu,
  • Peng Xiao,
  • Zhigang Wang,
  • Xianyang Guo,
  • Guoqing Zhu,
  • Xuyao Qi

摘要

Thermal runaway (TR) in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) poses significant fire and explosion risks, primarily driven by substantial heat release and combustible gas emissions. Despite this critical safety concern, systematic investigations into gas release patterns and explosion dynamics under varying mechanical penetration conditions remain limited. This study systematically examines four key parameters—penetration duration, breach area, battery capacity, and ignition methods to elucidate their TR mechanisms. Key findings reveal that while short-circuiting from penetration generates minimal direct heat, it critically accelerates subsequent thermal runaway processes. Our developed mechanistic model demonstrates that TR initiation depends fundamentally on achieving sufficient initial penetration depth to establish sustained short-circuit conditions. Experimental data show maximum normalized heat generation of 5.8 kJ Ah−1 in 280 Ah batteries, whereas smaller capacities exhibit inverse gas release behavior, peaking at 0.35 L Ah−1. Manual ignition tests recorded violent explosions with peak overpressure reaching 285.3 kPa, attributed to rapid consumption of CO, CH4, C2H4, and C5H12. These insights advance fundamental understanding of penetration-induced TR cascades and provide critical empirical support for developing effective suppression strategies in large-scale energy storage applications.