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<p>Leakage and spill fires frequently occur during the storage, transportation, and processing of liquid fuels. In response to liquid fires, sand is a commonly used firefighting material in some storage and transport places, such as petrol stations and oil pipeline networks. In this investigation, we conducted continuous heptane leakage experiments (with and without ignition) for varying length sand layer barriers on a fireproof glass surface. The barrier effects of the sand layer on the spread process and burning behaviors were analyzed. Results showed that the spread rate of liquid fuels in the sand layer is approximately linear and increases with the&#xa0;discharge rate because the flow in the sand layer was driven by a combination of capillary force and the pressure of the upstream liquid layer for the cases without ignition. We then developed a liquid layer spread model for the sand-blocked scenario. For continuous spill fires, it was found that the flame front initially advances slowly over the sand layer, and then gradually transforms into a nonlinear spread with a relatively high spread rate. Sand layer temperature data indicated that the transition between spreading process stages was associated with the fuel layer temperature inside the sand. Comparison of thermal hazard parameters showed that sand barrier fires had lower but erratic spread rates, and longer upstream burning duration after fuel cutoff. Moreover, spill fires controlled by sand barriers showed lower radiative heat flux, and the evolution of the radiative heat flux can be predicted by using the bicubic flame radiation model. These new findings provide a solid foundation for the countermeasures of the liquid energy leakage and the safety guarantee of liquid energy processing.</p>

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Experimental investigation into the barrier effect of sand layers on spreading and burning behaviors of continuous spill fires

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月10日

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  • Hanchao Ma,
  • Hong Huang,
  • Xiaoxiao Sun,
  • Jinlong Zhao,
  • Xu Zhai

摘要

Leakage and spill fires frequently occur during the storage, transportation, and processing of liquid fuels. In response to liquid fires, sand is a commonly used firefighting material in some storage and transport places, such as petrol stations and oil pipeline networks. In this investigation, we conducted continuous heptane leakage experiments (with and without ignition) for varying length sand layer barriers on a fireproof glass surface. The barrier effects of the sand layer on the spread process and burning behaviors were analyzed. Results showed that the spread rate of liquid fuels in the sand layer is approximately linear and increases with the discharge rate because the flow in the sand layer was driven by a combination of capillary force and the pressure of the upstream liquid layer for the cases without ignition. We then developed a liquid layer spread model for the sand-blocked scenario. For continuous spill fires, it was found that the flame front initially advances slowly over the sand layer, and then gradually transforms into a nonlinear spread with a relatively high spread rate. Sand layer temperature data indicated that the transition between spreading process stages was associated with the fuel layer temperature inside the sand. Comparison of thermal hazard parameters showed that sand barrier fires had lower but erratic spread rates, and longer upstream burning duration after fuel cutoff. Moreover, spill fires controlled by sand barriers showed lower radiative heat flux, and the evolution of the radiative heat flux can be predicted by using the bicubic flame radiation model. These new findings provide a solid foundation for the countermeasures of the liquid energy leakage and the safety guarantee of liquid energy processing.