<p>When it comes to controlling heat in systems like nuclear power plants, solar panels, engines, thermal exchangers, heating systems, and electronic gadgets, enclosure design is essential. Optimizing microchannel thermal efficiency requires corrugated circular cavities with different aspect ratios, and reduced energy loss in heat sinks and exchangers is facilitated by permeable designs. This work investigates the combined effects of internal and external forces on the flow of nanofluids in a circular cavity with waves when exposed to a horizontal magnetic field (MHD). It has immovable walls, insulated top walls, cooled side walls, and consistent heating at the bottom, with a permeable item positioned in the center. Key parameters like the corrugation amplitude <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2025_14032_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="103" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$(0\le \text{Ap}\le 0.2$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mtext>Ap</mtext> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>0.2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), Hartmann number <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2025_14032_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="104" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$(0\le \text{Ha}\le 50)$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mtext>Ha</mtext> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>50</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, Darcy number <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2025_14032_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="143" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$(1{0}^{-5}\le \text{Da}\le {10}^{-1})$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>≤</mo> <mtext>Da</mtext> <mo>≤</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, Rayleigh number <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2025_14032_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="124" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$(1{0}^{1}\le \text{Ra}\le {10}^{4})$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> </msup> <mo>≤</mo> <mtext>Ra</mtext> <mo>≤</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and nanoparticle volume fraction (<InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2025_14032_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="111" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$0\le {\phi }_{\text{nf}}\le 0.08)$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <msub> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mtext>nf</mtext> </msub> <mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>0.08</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are all examined using COMSOL Multiphysics and FEM. The Mean Nusselt number has been found to grow with larger Rayleigh numbers and nanoparticle volume fractions, but to decrease with increasing Darcy numbers. When the corrugation amplitude is increased by <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2025_14032_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="31" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$20\%$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>20</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, the surface area decreases by <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2025_14032_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="18" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="36" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$10\%,$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> <mo>%</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> resulting in a <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2025_14032_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="31" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$15\%$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>15</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> decrease in the mean Nusselt number. On the other hand, thermal conductivity improves heat transmission by <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2025_14032_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="31" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$10\%$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> when the volume fraction of nanoparticles increases from <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2025_14032_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="79" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$0.01\, \text{to}\, 0.05$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0.01</mn> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mtext>to</mtext> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mn>0.05</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The results demonstrate how temperature conditions and barriers affect the effectiveness of heat transmission.</p>

MHD natural convection of nanofluid flow using a corrugated permeable medium within corrugated circular cavity

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年3月10日

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Sohail Nadeem,
M. Arif,
Inayat Ullah,
Jehad Alzabut

摘要

When it comes to controlling heat in systems like nuclear power plants, solar panels, engines, thermal exchangers, heating systems, and electronic gadgets, enclosure design is essential. Optimizing microchannel thermal efficiency requires corrugated circular cavities with different aspect ratios, and reduced energy loss in heat sinks and exchangers is facilitated by permeable designs. This work investigates the combined effects of internal and external forces on the flow of nanofluids in a circular cavity with waves when exposed to a horizontal magnetic field (MHD). It has immovable walls, insulated top walls, cooled side walls, and consistent heating at the bottom, with a permeable item positioned in the center. Key parameters like the corrugation amplitude $(0\le \text{Ap}\le 0.2$ $(0 \leq Ap \leq 0.2$ ), Hartmann number $(0\le \text{Ha}\le 50)$ $(0 \leq Ha \leq 50)$ , Darcy number $(1{0}^{-5}\le \text{Da}\le {10}^{-1})$ $(1 0^{- 5} \leq Da \leq 10^{- 1})$ , Rayleigh number $(1{0}^{1}\le \text{Ra}\le {10}^{4})$ $(1 0^{1} \leq Ra \leq 10^{4})$ , and nanoparticle volume fraction ( $0\le {\phi }_{\text{nf}}\le 0.08)$ $0 \leq ϕ_{nf} \leq 0.08)$ are all examined using COMSOL Multiphysics and FEM. The Mean Nusselt number has been found to grow with larger Rayleigh numbers and nanoparticle volume fractions, but to decrease with increasing Darcy numbers. When the corrugation amplitude is increased by $20\%$ $20 %$ , the surface area decreases by $10\%,$ $10 %,$ resulting in a $15\%$ $15 %$ decrease in the mean Nusselt number. On the other hand, thermal conductivity improves heat transmission by $10\%$ $10 %$ when the volume fraction of nanoparticles increases from $0.01\, \text{to}\, 0.05$ $0.01 to 0.05$ . The results demonstrate how temperature conditions and barriers affect the effectiveness of heat transmission.