<p>Model of multistage sequential endoreversible heat-pump (EHP) system with a finite-sink and an infinite-environment and with complex heat-resistance model of [<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="100" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q \propto (\Delta (T^{\text{n}} ))^{\text{m}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>∝</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mtext>n</mtext> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mtext>m</mtext> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>] is established and investigated. The <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="100" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q \propto (\Delta (T^{\text{n}} ))^{\text{m}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>∝</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mtext>n</mtext> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mtext>m</mtext> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> model includes many cases, such as linear-phenomenological model [<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="54" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\text{n}} = - 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo>=</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="46" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m = 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="87" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q \propto \Delta (T^{ - 1} )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>∝</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>], linear model [<InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\text{n}} = 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="46" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m = 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="71" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q \propto \Delta (T)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>∝</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>], Dulong-Petit model [<InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\text{n}} = 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="67" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m = 1.25\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.25</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="92" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q \propto \Delta (T)^{1.25}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>∝</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1.25</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>], radiative model [<InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\text{n}} = 4\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="46" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m = 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="78" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q \propto \Delta (T^{4} )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>∝</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mn>4</mn> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>], generalized convection model [<InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="81" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q \propto (\Delta T)^{\text{m}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>∝</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mtext>m</mtext> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>], generalized radiative model [<InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq16.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="78" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q \propto \Delta (T^{\text{n}} )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>∝</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mtext>n</mtext> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>], special model [<InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\text{n}} = 4\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="67" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m = 1.25\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.25</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq19.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="111" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q \propto (\Delta (T^{4} ))^{1.25}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>∝</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mn>4</mn> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1.25</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>], etc.. Continuous Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equations for optimal-configurations of sink-temperature with power-consumption minimization objective (PCMO) are obtained. General results are provided, and analytical solution with linear heat-resistance model is further obtained. Discrete HJB equations are obtained, and dynamic program method is utilized to obtain numerical-solutions of optimal-configurations with non-linear heat-resistance models. Optimization results are compared with those obtained for multistage discrete sequential endoreversible heat-engine systems with five different heat-resistance models. For some fixed parameters, PCMO of multistage discrete sequential EHP system for linear model is <InlineEquation ID="IEq20"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq20.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="148" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\dot{W}_{{\min }} = 8.29 \times 10^{4} {\text{W}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> <mo movablelimits="true">min</mo> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>8.29</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>4</mn> </msup> <mtext>W</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>; for Dulong-Petit model, it is <InlineEquation ID="IEq21"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq21.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="148" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\dot{W}_{\min } = 8.41 \times 10^{4} {\text{W}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> <mo movablelimits="true">min</mo> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>8.41</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>4</mn> </msup> <mtext>W</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>; for linear-phenomenological model, it is <InlineEquation ID="IEq22"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq22.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="148" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\dot{W}_{\min } = 8.59 \times 10^{4} {\text{W}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> <mo movablelimits="true">min</mo> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>8.59</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>4</mn> </msup> <mtext>W</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>; and for radiative model, it is <InlineEquation ID="IEq23"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq23.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="148" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\dot{W}_{\min } = 8.{4}9 \times 10^{4} {\text{W}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> <mo movablelimits="true">min</mo> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>8.49</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>4</mn> </msup> <mtext>W</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>; for [<InlineEquation ID="IEq24"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq19.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="111" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q \propto (\Delta (T^{4} ))^{1.25}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>∝</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mn>4</mn> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1.25</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>] model, it is <InlineEquation ID="IEq25"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq25.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="148" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\dot{W}_{\min } = 8.21 \times 10^{4} {\text{W}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> <mo movablelimits="true">min</mo> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>8.21</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>4</mn> </msup> <mtext>W</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Only if cycle-period tends to infinite-long, <InlineEquation ID="IEq26"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13868_Article_IEq26.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="91" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\dot{W}_{\min } = \dot{W}_{\text{rev}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> <mo movablelimits="true">min</mo> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> <mtext>rev</mtext> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p>

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Power-consumption minimization for multistage sequential endoreversible heat-pump systems with complex heat-resistance model

  • Lingen Chen,
  • Shaojun Xia

摘要

Model of multistage sequential endoreversible heat-pump (EHP) system with a finite-sink and an infinite-environment and with complex heat-resistance model of [ \(q \propto (\Delta (T^{\text{n}} ))^{\text{m}}\) q ( Δ ( T n ) ) m ] is established and investigated. The \(q \propto (\Delta (T^{\text{n}} ))^{\text{m}}\) q ( Δ ( T n ) ) m model includes many cases, such as linear-phenomenological model [ \({\text{n}} = - 1\) n = - 1 , \(m = 1\) m = 1 , \(q \propto \Delta (T^{ - 1} )\) q Δ ( T - 1 ) ], linear model [ \({\text{n}} = 1\) n = 1 , \(m = 1\) m = 1 , \(q \propto \Delta (T)\) q Δ ( T ) ], Dulong-Petit model [ \({\text{n}} = 1\) n = 1 , \(m = 1.25\) m = 1.25 , \(q \propto \Delta (T)^{1.25}\) q Δ ( T ) 1.25 ], radiative model [ \({\text{n}} = 4\) n = 4 , \(m = 1\) m = 1 , \(q \propto \Delta (T^{4} )\) q Δ ( T 4 ) ], generalized convection model [ \(q \propto (\Delta T)^{\text{m}}\) q ( Δ T ) m ], generalized radiative model [ \(q \propto \Delta (T^{\text{n}} )\) q Δ ( T n ) ], special model [ \({\text{n}} = 4\) n = 4 , \(m = 1.25\) m = 1.25 , \(q \propto (\Delta (T^{4} ))^{1.25}\) q ( Δ ( T 4 ) ) 1.25 ], etc.. Continuous Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equations for optimal-configurations of sink-temperature with power-consumption minimization objective (PCMO) are obtained. General results are provided, and analytical solution with linear heat-resistance model is further obtained. Discrete HJB equations are obtained, and dynamic program method is utilized to obtain numerical-solutions of optimal-configurations with non-linear heat-resistance models. Optimization results are compared with those obtained for multistage discrete sequential endoreversible heat-engine systems with five different heat-resistance models. For some fixed parameters, PCMO of multistage discrete sequential EHP system for linear model is \(\dot{W}_{{\min }} = 8.29 \times 10^{4} {\text{W}}\) W ˙ min = 8.29 × 10 4 W ; for Dulong-Petit model, it is \(\dot{W}_{\min } = 8.41 \times 10^{4} {\text{W}}\) W ˙ min = 8.41 × 10 4 W ; for linear-phenomenological model, it is \(\dot{W}_{\min } = 8.59 \times 10^{4} {\text{W}}\) W ˙ min = 8.59 × 10 4 W ; and for radiative model, it is \(\dot{W}_{\min } = 8.{4}9 \times 10^{4} {\text{W}}\) W ˙ min = 8.49 × 10 4 W ; for [ \(q \propto (\Delta (T^{4} ))^{1.25}\) q ( Δ ( T 4 ) ) 1.25 ] model, it is \(\dot{W}_{\min } = 8.21 \times 10^{4} {\text{W}}\) W ˙ min = 8.21 × 10 4 W . Only if cycle-period tends to infinite-long, \(\dot{W}_{\min } = \dot{W}_{\text{rev}}\) W ˙ min = W ˙ rev .