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<p>The present work reports the production of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> ceramic nanostructures through a sustainable sol-gel synthesis route that drastically reduces energy demand while improving phase purity. Two synthesis strategies were compared: (A) a conventional route based on Ba(OH)₂ under controlled humidity and inert conditions, and (B) a modified route employing BaCl₂ as precursor under ambient atmosphere. This optimized method achieved an ~81% reduction in energy consumption, decreasing synthesis from 180 °C for 24 h to 130 °C for 3 h. Importantly, carbon-related impurities were significantly suppressed, obviating the need for post-synthesis acid washing treatments. Structural and morphological analyses (FT-IR, XRD with Rietveld refinement, FE-SEM, chemical mapping, and BET) confirmed enhanced phase purity, a drastic reduction in particle size (~100 nm to ~25 nm), and high surface area (&gt;50 m<sup>2</sup>/g). This method provided a scalable and environmentally responsible pathway that allows the scalable production of high-purity BaTiO₃, advancing sustainable materials processing for electronic and energy-related applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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A rapid sustainable sol-gel synthesis of phase-pure BaTiO₃ nanostructures with minimal energy demand

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月14日

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  • I. E. Correa,
  • J. A. Ascencio,
  • S. E. Borjas,
  • A. Medina

摘要

The present work reports the production of BaTiO3 ceramic nanostructures through a sustainable sol-gel synthesis route that drastically reduces energy demand while improving phase purity. Two synthesis strategies were compared: (A) a conventional route based on Ba(OH)₂ under controlled humidity and inert conditions, and (B) a modified route employing BaCl₂ as precursor under ambient atmosphere. This optimized method achieved an ~81% reduction in energy consumption, decreasing synthesis from 180 °C for 24 h to 130 °C for 3 h. Importantly, carbon-related impurities were significantly suppressed, obviating the need for post-synthesis acid washing treatments. Structural and morphological analyses (FT-IR, XRD with Rietveld refinement, FE-SEM, chemical mapping, and BET) confirmed enhanced phase purity, a drastic reduction in particle size (~100 nm to ~25 nm), and high surface area (>50 m2/g). This method provided a scalable and environmentally responsible pathway that allows the scalable production of high-purity BaTiO₃, advancing sustainable materials processing for electronic and energy-related applications.

Graphical Abstract