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<p>Efficient and scalable synthesis of nanostructured pseudocapacitive materials is crucial for the development of high-performance energy storage systems. In this work, manganese (hydro)oxides were synthesized using a continuous-flow microreactor equipped with intensive counter-current swirling flows, ensuring enhanced micromixing and precise control over reaction kinetics. By varying the reagent flow rates (1.5, 2.2, and 3.0 L/min), the phase composition, crystallinity, and porosity of the resulting materials were effectively tuned. Powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and EDX analysis revealed a phase evolution from Mn(OH)<sub>2</sub> and MnOOH at lower flow regimes to highly crystalline Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> spinel at 3.0 L/min. SEM and BET analysis confirmed the formation of layered mesoporous structures with surface areas up to 120 m<sup>2</sup>/g. Electrochemical characterization in 1 M Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> demonstrated a strong correlation between synthesis conditions and capacitive performance. The best-performing electrode (MR-3.0) exhibited a specific capacitance of 200 F/g at 5 A/g, low charge-transfer resistance, and ideal capacitive behavior. These enhancements are attributed to optimized ion transport and enhanced accessible surface area resulting from flow-assisted synthesis. Overall, the results highlight the potential of swirling-flow microreactors as a robust platform for producing advanced pseudocapacitive materials with tunable properties, suitable for next-generation supercapacitor electrodes in hybrid energy storage systems.</p><p></p>

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Synthesis of nanostructured manganese (hydro)oxides in microreactor with intensive counter-current swirling flows for high-performance pseudocapacitive electrodes

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月4日

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  • Y. A. Khvashchevskaya,
  • A. A. Lobinsky,
  • E. M. Khairullina,
  • A. K. Bachina,
  • I. P. Prosvirin,
  • R. Sh. Abiev,
  • V. I. Popkov

摘要

Efficient and scalable synthesis of nanostructured pseudocapacitive materials is crucial for the development of high-performance energy storage systems. In this work, manganese (hydro)oxides were synthesized using a continuous-flow microreactor equipped with intensive counter-current swirling flows, ensuring enhanced micromixing and precise control over reaction kinetics. By varying the reagent flow rates (1.5, 2.2, and 3.0 L/min), the phase composition, crystallinity, and porosity of the resulting materials were effectively tuned. Powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and EDX analysis revealed a phase evolution from Mn(OH)2 and MnOOH at lower flow regimes to highly crystalline Mn3O4 spinel at 3.0 L/min. SEM and BET analysis confirmed the formation of layered mesoporous structures with surface areas up to 120 m2/g. Electrochemical characterization in 1 M Na2SO4 demonstrated a strong correlation between synthesis conditions and capacitive performance. The best-performing electrode (MR-3.0) exhibited a specific capacitance of 200 F/g at 5 A/g, low charge-transfer resistance, and ideal capacitive behavior. These enhancements are attributed to optimized ion transport and enhanced accessible surface area resulting from flow-assisted synthesis. Overall, the results highlight the potential of swirling-flow microreactors as a robust platform for producing advanced pseudocapacitive materials with tunable properties, suitable for next-generation supercapacitor electrodes in hybrid energy storage systems.