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<p>Cerium oxide (CeO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles (NPs) have gained considerable attention in environmental remediation and the biomedical domain due to their advantageous physicochemical characteristics, such as prominent antioxidant and optical properties. Herein, gadolinium (Gd)-doped CeO<sub>2</sub>/carbon nanotube (CNTs) nanocomposites were successfully synthesized by eco-friendly sol-gel and sonication methods. To characterize the synthesized nanoparticles, analytical techniques, including XRD, SEM, EDX, FT-IR, PL, UV–vis, and DLS analysis, as well as cytotoxicity evaluation, were employed. This characterization was achieved through the degradation of phenol red dye and the MCF-7 cell assay. The XRD patterns indicated the presence of a pure cubic phase of CeO<sub>2</sub> NPs. SEM analysis showed the formation of well-defined tubular morphology in Gd-CeO<sub>2</sub>/CNT nanocomposites, and EDX confirmed the coexistence of Ce, Gd, O, and C elements. FT-IR analysis identified vibrational stretching bands associated with Ce–O, O–H, and C = C. UV-Vis spectra showed that the band gap energy of CeO<sub>2</sub> NPs was reduced from 3 ± 0.10to 2.5 ± 0.10 eV after the addition of Gd and CNTs doping. PL spectroscopy revealed that Gd incorporation in CeO<sub>2</sub> induced a redshift in absorption and promoted the formation of defect states, while Gd-CeO<sub>2</sub>/CNTs nanocomposites stimulated efficient charge transfer activity. Additionally, DLS results further revealed that the agglomeration of CeO<sub>2</sub> NPs was reduced by Gd doping with anchoring of CNTs due to a decrease in dispersibility (PDI). As shown in the photocatalytic results, Gd-CeO<sub>2</sub>/CNTs nanocomposites have a higher degradation efficiency (up to 80.3%) of phenol red dye compared to pure CeO<sub>2</sub> NPs. MTT assay-based cell viability tests confirmed that all materials retained over 80% cell viability between 0 and 400 μg/mL, with no cytotoxicity at lower concentrations. The NPs and NCs demonstrated excellent biocompatibility on normal IMR90 cells. These results suggest that Gd-CeO<sub>2</sub>/CNTs nanocomposites have significant potential for cancer therapy applications with good biocompatibility on normal cells.</p><p></p>

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Sol-gel-assisted sonication approaches and characterization of engineered Gd–doped CeO₂/CNTs nanocomposites for improved photocatalytic and selective anticancer activities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月5日

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  • ZabnAllah M. Alaizeri,
  • Maqusood Ahamed,
  • Hisham A. Alhadlaq

摘要

Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles (NPs) have gained considerable attention in environmental remediation and the biomedical domain due to their advantageous physicochemical characteristics, such as prominent antioxidant and optical properties. Herein, gadolinium (Gd)-doped CeO2/carbon nanotube (CNTs) nanocomposites were successfully synthesized by eco-friendly sol-gel and sonication methods. To characterize the synthesized nanoparticles, analytical techniques, including XRD, SEM, EDX, FT-IR, PL, UV–vis, and DLS analysis, as well as cytotoxicity evaluation, were employed. This characterization was achieved through the degradation of phenol red dye and the MCF-7 cell assay. The XRD patterns indicated the presence of a pure cubic phase of CeO2 NPs. SEM analysis showed the formation of well-defined tubular morphology in Gd-CeO2/CNT nanocomposites, and EDX confirmed the coexistence of Ce, Gd, O, and C elements. FT-IR analysis identified vibrational stretching bands associated with Ce–O, O–H, and C = C. UV-Vis spectra showed that the band gap energy of CeO2 NPs was reduced from 3 ± 0.10to 2.5 ± 0.10 eV after the addition of Gd and CNTs doping. PL spectroscopy revealed that Gd incorporation in CeO2 induced a redshift in absorption and promoted the formation of defect states, while Gd-CeO2/CNTs nanocomposites stimulated efficient charge transfer activity. Additionally, DLS results further revealed that the agglomeration of CeO2 NPs was reduced by Gd doping with anchoring of CNTs due to a decrease in dispersibility (PDI). As shown in the photocatalytic results, Gd-CeO2/CNTs nanocomposites have a higher degradation efficiency (up to 80.3%) of phenol red dye compared to pure CeO2 NPs. MTT assay-based cell viability tests confirmed that all materials retained over 80% cell viability between 0 and 400 μg/mL, with no cytotoxicity at lower concentrations. The NPs and NCs demonstrated excellent biocompatibility on normal IMR90 cells. These results suggest that Gd-CeO2/CNTs nanocomposites have significant potential for cancer therapy applications with good biocompatibility on normal cells.