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<p>This study presents a sustainable approach for synthesizing an eco-friendly photocatalyst by functionalizing amorphous titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) with a natural dye extracted from waste flowers of hollyhock (HH). The TiO<sub>2</sub> was prepared via a sol-gel method. The dye-functionalized TiO<sub>2</sub> materials were characterized usingXRD, FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The FTIR established the interaction between TiO<sub>2</sub> and fuctional groups of the added dye. The XRD results confirmed the amorphous nature of the pure TiO<sub>2</sub> and revealed broad peaks in dye doped TiO<sub>2</sub>. The incorporated dye reduced TiO<sub>2</sub>’s band gap from 3.4 eV to 2.09 eV, resulting in a blue absorption shift into the visible range. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed strong dye-TiO<sub>2</sub> interactions, while UV-Vis analysis revealed enhanced optical properties, including a higher refractive index, dielectric constant, and modified electronic transitions per Tauc’s model. The photocatalyst exhibited negligible adsorption in the dark but achieved 100% methylene blue (MB) degradation under UV light at neutral pH. The catalyst retained activity over five cycles with gradual efficiency loss. These findings demonstrate the promising ability of green waste-derived natural dyes to functionalize amorphous TiO<sub>2</sub> and thereby pave the way for sustainable, efficient photocatalytic applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Eco-friendly photocatalyst material derived from hollyhock waste dye and amorphous TiO2 synthesized by sol-gel approach for an efficient methylene blue removal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月4日

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  • Govar H. Hamasalih,
  • Sewara J. Mohammed,
  • Shujahadeen B. Aziz

摘要

This study presents a sustainable approach for synthesizing an eco-friendly photocatalyst by functionalizing amorphous titanium dioxide (TiO2) with a natural dye extracted from waste flowers of hollyhock (HH). The TiO2 was prepared via a sol-gel method. The dye-functionalized TiO2 materials were characterized usingXRD, FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The FTIR established the interaction between TiO2 and fuctional groups of the added dye. The XRD results confirmed the amorphous nature of the pure TiO2 and revealed broad peaks in dye doped TiO2. The incorporated dye reduced TiO2’s band gap from 3.4 eV to 2.09 eV, resulting in a blue absorption shift into the visible range. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed strong dye-TiO2 interactions, while UV-Vis analysis revealed enhanced optical properties, including a higher refractive index, dielectric constant, and modified electronic transitions per Tauc’s model. The photocatalyst exhibited negligible adsorption in the dark but achieved 100% methylene blue (MB) degradation under UV light at neutral pH. The catalyst retained activity over five cycles with gradual efficiency loss. These findings demonstrate the promising ability of green waste-derived natural dyes to functionalize amorphous TiO2 and thereby pave the way for sustainable, efficient photocatalytic applications.

Graphical Abstract