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<p>Radiopharmaceuticals (RPs) are specific medications that include radioactive substances known as radioisotopes. These medications have distinctive structures featuring a radionuclide and a drug component. Radioisotopes are targeted to specific cells using carriers such as small molecules, peptides, or antibodies. Radiopharmaceuticals have become a critical advancement in biomedical research and clinical procedures because of their great sensitivity, therapeutic effectiveness, and affordability. These radioisotopes can be utilized to diagnose or treat a variety of clinical conditions, according to the type of radiation they emit. Their utilization extends across uses from the treatment of cancer and hyperthyroidism to the imaging of numerous organs, including the brain, heart, kidney, and bone. RPs are administered orally or by injection to patients in clinical settings, and they can be tracked and evaluated using non-invasive imaging techniques, including Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), or gamma scintigraphy. Furthermore, DNA breakage caused by the exact deposition of high-energy generated by radionuclides in target cells directly causes cell death. Radio isotopes like α emitters (like <sup>225</sup>Ac) can directly cause double-strand breaks; β⁻ emitters (like <sup>177</sup>Lu) mostly cause single-strand breaks. By restricting radiation to specific cells, radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) minimizes destruction of normal tissues by limiting radiation to targeted cells, unlike conventional radiotherapy, which uses external radiation sources. Even a small dose of targeted vectors can deliver enough radiation to effectively destroy cancer cells. This makes RPT a safe and economical treatment option. The implementation of radiopharmaceuticals in diagnostic techniques for early disease detection leads to improved therapies. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of radiopharmaceuticals, highlighting their fundamental concepts and multifaceted applications in biomedical science and clinical practice.</p>

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The role of radiopharmaceuticals in biomedical science and clinical practice: from diagnostic imaging to targeted therapy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月27日

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  • Treesa P. Varghese,
  • Anjaly Vijayan,
  • Nazija MPC,
  • Maryam,
  • P. R. Anand Vijayakumar

摘要

Radiopharmaceuticals (RPs) are specific medications that include radioactive substances known as radioisotopes. These medications have distinctive structures featuring a radionuclide and a drug component. Radioisotopes are targeted to specific cells using carriers such as small molecules, peptides, or antibodies. Radiopharmaceuticals have become a critical advancement in biomedical research and clinical procedures because of their great sensitivity, therapeutic effectiveness, and affordability. These radioisotopes can be utilized to diagnose or treat a variety of clinical conditions, according to the type of radiation they emit. Their utilization extends across uses from the treatment of cancer and hyperthyroidism to the imaging of numerous organs, including the brain, heart, kidney, and bone. RPs are administered orally or by injection to patients in clinical settings, and they can be tracked and evaluated using non-invasive imaging techniques, including Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), or gamma scintigraphy. Furthermore, DNA breakage caused by the exact deposition of high-energy generated by radionuclides in target cells directly causes cell death. Radio isotopes like α emitters (like 225Ac) can directly cause double-strand breaks; β⁻ emitters (like 177Lu) mostly cause single-strand breaks. By restricting radiation to specific cells, radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) minimizes destruction of normal tissues by limiting radiation to targeted cells, unlike conventional radiotherapy, which uses external radiation sources. Even a small dose of targeted vectors can deliver enough radiation to effectively destroy cancer cells. This makes RPT a safe and economical treatment option. The implementation of radiopharmaceuticals in diagnostic techniques for early disease detection leads to improved therapies. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of radiopharmaceuticals, highlighting their fundamental concepts and multifaceted applications in biomedical science and clinical practice.