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<p>The development of multifunctional coatings with antimicrobial, self-cleaning, and protective performance has intensified interest in nanostructured additives. Rutile TiO₂ offers strong light scattering, UV resistance, stability, and low cost, whereas Cu₂O provides intrinsic antibacterial activity via copper ion release and reactive oxygen species generation. Constructing TiO₂@Cu₂O core–shell heterostructures enhances charge separation, broadens visible-light absorption, and promotes synergistic antibacterial effects. Herein, TiO₂@Cu₂O nanopowders were synthesized with L-ascorbic acid being used as a reducing agent, polyethylene glycol and Tween 80 as surfactants. XRD, TEM, SEM, and EDS analyses confirmed the formation of Cu₂O crystals (4.17 wt%) on rutile TiO₂ nanorods without altering the host crystal structure. The hybrid nanostructures extended optical absorption from 450 to 800&#xa0;nm. Incorporation of 2 wt% TiO₂@Cu₂O into poly(vinyl chloride–vinyl isobutyl ether) (PVE) coatings enhanced impact resistance, relative hardness, adhesion, and abrasion resistance by 28.6%, 51.4%, 12.5%, and 22.9%, respectively. The modified coatings exhibited strong antibacterial activity against <i>Pseudomonas stutzeri</i> B27, improved UV–humidity aging resistance, and reduced photodegradation and gloss loss. Controlled Cu ion release (23&#xa0;µg/L) in seawater contributed to biofilm suppression and antifouling performance, highlighting the potential of TiO₂@Cu₂O as a multifunctional additive for durable PVE-based protective coatings.</p>

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Environmentally friendly synthesized TiO2@Cu2O hybrid nanoparticles for mechanically reinforced, antibacterial, and antifouling poly(vinyl chloride–vinyl isobutyl ether) coatings

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月4日

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  • Do Van Cong,
  • Nguyen Thuy Chinh,
  • Nguyen Xuan Thai,
  • Nguyen Anh Hiep,
  • Ly Thi Ngoc Lien,
  • Tran Thanh Thuy,
  • Thai Hoang

摘要

The development of multifunctional coatings with antimicrobial, self-cleaning, and protective performance has intensified interest in nanostructured additives. Rutile TiO₂ offers strong light scattering, UV resistance, stability, and low cost, whereas Cu₂O provides intrinsic antibacterial activity via copper ion release and reactive oxygen species generation. Constructing TiO₂@Cu₂O core–shell heterostructures enhances charge separation, broadens visible-light absorption, and promotes synergistic antibacterial effects. Herein, TiO₂@Cu₂O nanopowders were synthesized with L-ascorbic acid being used as a reducing agent, polyethylene glycol and Tween 80 as surfactants. XRD, TEM, SEM, and EDS analyses confirmed the formation of Cu₂O crystals (4.17 wt%) on rutile TiO₂ nanorods without altering the host crystal structure. The hybrid nanostructures extended optical absorption from 450 to 800 nm. Incorporation of 2 wt% TiO₂@Cu₂O into poly(vinyl chloride–vinyl isobutyl ether) (PVE) coatings enhanced impact resistance, relative hardness, adhesion, and abrasion resistance by 28.6%, 51.4%, 12.5%, and 22.9%, respectively. The modified coatings exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas stutzeri B27, improved UV–humidity aging resistance, and reduced photodegradation and gloss loss. Controlled Cu ion release (23 µg/L) in seawater contributed to biofilm suppression and antifouling performance, highlighting the potential of TiO₂@Cu₂O as a multifunctional additive for durable PVE-based protective coatings.