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<p>The present study focuses on the fabrication of a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sodium alginate (SA) functionalized with <i>Moringa oleifera</i> seed pod extract (MOSPE), yielding a PVA/SA/MOSPE composite film designed for diverse biological evaluations. The phytochemical composition of the ethanolic extraction of MOSPE was elucidated through HPLC analysis, revealing hesperetin (1371.80&#xa0;µg/g) and chlorogenic acid (1073.33&#xa0;µg/g) as dominant constituents, alongside significant amounts of rutin, naringenin, and rosmarinic acid. GC-MS analysis identified five volatile compounds, primarily malic and fumaric acids. The composite film characterization confirmed structural modifications in the PVA/SA/MOSPE composite film due to MOSPE integration, including enhanced polymer chain entanglement and altered porosity as determined by SEM and FT-IR. The PVA/SA/MOSPE composite film exhibited dose-dependent antibiofilm activity, particularly against <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> (60.33%) and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (54.74%), attributed to antimicrobial phytochemicals in MOSPE. Cytotoxicity evaluation revealed selectivity against MDA-MB-231 (IC<sub>50</sub>: 779.2&#xa0;µg/mL) and Caco-2 (IC<sub>50</sub>: 1807&#xa0;µg/mL) cancer cells, with safe effects on normal HSF cells. Nuclear staining showed morphological changes, including chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation, consistent with cell death. Additionally, the PVA/SA/MOSPE composite film significantly inhibited cancer cell migration in a scratch assay by downregulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. Molecular docking studies highlighted the high affinity of hesperetin and chlorogenic acid for key cancer-related proteins (Caspase-3, VEGFR2, and FGFR1). Overall, the PVA/SA/MOSPE composite film shows promising biomedical applications, particularly in antibiofilm properties and cytotoxicity potentials.</p>

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Enhanced functional efficacy of fabricated polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate composite films incorporated with Moringa oleifera seed pods extract: characterization and biomedical applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Ahmed K. Saleh,
  • Hussain Alenezi,
  • Jehan S Albrahim,
  • Yousra A. El-Maradny,
  • Hamada El-Gendi,
  • Feng F. Hong,
  • Esmail M. El-Fakharany

摘要

The present study focuses on the fabrication of a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sodium alginate (SA) functionalized with Moringa oleifera seed pod extract (MOSPE), yielding a PVA/SA/MOSPE composite film designed for diverse biological evaluations. The phytochemical composition of the ethanolic extraction of MOSPE was elucidated through HPLC analysis, revealing hesperetin (1371.80 µg/g) and chlorogenic acid (1073.33 µg/g) as dominant constituents, alongside significant amounts of rutin, naringenin, and rosmarinic acid. GC-MS analysis identified five volatile compounds, primarily malic and fumaric acids. The composite film characterization confirmed structural modifications in the PVA/SA/MOSPE composite film due to MOSPE integration, including enhanced polymer chain entanglement and altered porosity as determined by SEM and FT-IR. The PVA/SA/MOSPE composite film exhibited dose-dependent antibiofilm activity, particularly against Pseudomonas fluorescens (60.33%) and Staphylococcus aureus (54.74%), attributed to antimicrobial phytochemicals in MOSPE. Cytotoxicity evaluation revealed selectivity against MDA-MB-231 (IC50: 779.2 µg/mL) and Caco-2 (IC50: 1807 µg/mL) cancer cells, with safe effects on normal HSF cells. Nuclear staining showed morphological changes, including chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation, consistent with cell death. Additionally, the PVA/SA/MOSPE composite film significantly inhibited cancer cell migration in a scratch assay by downregulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. Molecular docking studies highlighted the high affinity of hesperetin and chlorogenic acid for key cancer-related proteins (Caspase-3, VEGFR2, and FGFR1). Overall, the PVA/SA/MOSPE composite film shows promising biomedical applications, particularly in antibiofilm properties and cytotoxicity potentials.