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<p>In the present study, we developed a simple approach to synthesize a blend hydrogel from chitosan (CS) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with a monolithic form through chemical cross-linking. The obtained CS/CMC hydrogel was further modified using a freeze-thaw treatment (F-T), which promoted porosity and formed an interconnected macroporous structure, yielding the FCS/CMC hydrogel with enhanced structural and textural properties. The morphology, structure, and surface area of the fabricated hydrogel were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, respectively. Meanwhile, the interaction between the CMC and CS within the hydrogel matrix was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR). The hydrogel characterization revealed that the freeze-thaw modification resulted in an interconnected, channel-like macroporous network structure, leading to a significant enhancement of the surface area to 4.258&#xa0;m²/g, which is markedly higher in comparison to that of the untreated CS/CMC hydrogel (0.116&#xa0;m²/g), which exhibited a wavy surface morphology with no pores apparent. Consequently, the modified hydrogel was evaluated as an adsorbent material to remove Salbutamol Sulphate (SAS) from its aqueous solution, which exhibited a high removal efficiency compared with the unmodified hydrogel. The adsorption performance of the FCS/CMC hydrogel is best fitted by the Freundlich isotherm, indicating a heterogeneous surface with multilayer adsorption. The pseudo-first-order model best fits the kinetic data, confirming that physical interactions mainly drive the process. Significantly, the modified hydrogel demonstrated excellent reusability over five reuse cycles, indicating its strong potential as a sustainable and promising adsorbent material for the remediation of pharmaceutical pollutants from aqueous systems, which are often inadequately removed by conventional treatment methods and pose serious environmental concerns.</p>

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Boosting chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel with freezing and thawing modification as sustainable porous material for salbutamol sulphate removal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月20日

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  • Zahraa R. Tameemi,
  • Zahraa H. Athab,
  • Abbas N. Alshirifi

摘要

In the present study, we developed a simple approach to synthesize a blend hydrogel from chitosan (CS) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with a monolithic form through chemical cross-linking. The obtained CS/CMC hydrogel was further modified using a freeze-thaw treatment (F-T), which promoted porosity and formed an interconnected macroporous structure, yielding the FCS/CMC hydrogel with enhanced structural and textural properties. The morphology, structure, and surface area of the fabricated hydrogel were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, respectively. Meanwhile, the interaction between the CMC and CS within the hydrogel matrix was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR). The hydrogel characterization revealed that the freeze-thaw modification resulted in an interconnected, channel-like macroporous network structure, leading to a significant enhancement of the surface area to 4.258 m²/g, which is markedly higher in comparison to that of the untreated CS/CMC hydrogel (0.116 m²/g), which exhibited a wavy surface morphology with no pores apparent. Consequently, the modified hydrogel was evaluated as an adsorbent material to remove Salbutamol Sulphate (SAS) from its aqueous solution, which exhibited a high removal efficiency compared with the unmodified hydrogel. The adsorption performance of the FCS/CMC hydrogel is best fitted by the Freundlich isotherm, indicating a heterogeneous surface with multilayer adsorption. The pseudo-first-order model best fits the kinetic data, confirming that physical interactions mainly drive the process. Significantly, the modified hydrogel demonstrated excellent reusability over five reuse cycles, indicating its strong potential as a sustainable and promising adsorbent material for the remediation of pharmaceutical pollutants from aqueous systems, which are often inadequately removed by conventional treatment methods and pose serious environmental concerns.