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<p>Electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)–based nanofibrous composites have attracted considerable interest for flexible and wearable strain sensing applications due to their intrinsic piezoelectricity, low density, and mechanical compliance. In this study, PVDF/multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanofibrous composites were fabricated via electrospinning to systematically investigate the combined effects of CNT loading and in process mechanical stretching on morphology, crystalline structure evolution, mechanical properties, and piezoelectric strain sensitivity. MWCNT contents of 0.05, 0.2, and 0.5wt% were incorporated into PVDF solutions electrospun under fixed parameters, with nanofibers collected under random and mechanically stretched (using a rotating drum collector at 500&#xa0;rpm) conditions. Structural and phase analyses (SEM, XRD, FT IR) revealed that the synergistic action of jet stretching and CNT induced nucleation significantly enhanced the content and dipole orientation of the electroactive β phase, particularly at 0.05wt% CNT loading. Mechanical testing demonstrated that stretched nanofiber mats exhibited superior tensile strength and stability compared to random mats. Piezoelectric measurements under dynamic loading showed that the stretched PVDF/MWCNT nanofibers containing 0.05wt% CNT generated the highest output voltage (~ 4.9 mV) and strain sensitivity (1.84 mV·N⁻¹). These results demonstrate a quantitative processing–structure–property relationship and identify optimal electrospinning conditions for high performance PVDF based strain sensors.</p>

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Enhanced piezoelectric strain sensitivity in electrospun PVDF/MWCNT nanofibers via moderate mechanical stretching and β-phase orientation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Atiyeh Amirhosseini,
  • Mostafa Jamshidi Avanaki,
  • Mahdi Nouri

摘要

Electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)–based nanofibrous composites have attracted considerable interest for flexible and wearable strain sensing applications due to their intrinsic piezoelectricity, low density, and mechanical compliance. In this study, PVDF/multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanofibrous composites were fabricated via electrospinning to systematically investigate the combined effects of CNT loading and in process mechanical stretching on morphology, crystalline structure evolution, mechanical properties, and piezoelectric strain sensitivity. MWCNT contents of 0.05, 0.2, and 0.5wt% were incorporated into PVDF solutions electrospun under fixed parameters, with nanofibers collected under random and mechanically stretched (using a rotating drum collector at 500 rpm) conditions. Structural and phase analyses (SEM, XRD, FT IR) revealed that the synergistic action of jet stretching and CNT induced nucleation significantly enhanced the content and dipole orientation of the electroactive β phase, particularly at 0.05wt% CNT loading. Mechanical testing demonstrated that stretched nanofiber mats exhibited superior tensile strength and stability compared to random mats. Piezoelectric measurements under dynamic loading showed that the stretched PVDF/MWCNT nanofibers containing 0.05wt% CNT generated the highest output voltage (~ 4.9 mV) and strain sensitivity (1.84 mV·N⁻¹). These results demonstrate a quantitative processing–structure–property relationship and identify optimal electrospinning conditions for high performance PVDF based strain sensors.