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<p>This study aims to develop biodegradable ternary biocomposite films based on chitosan (CS), cassava starch (St), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), with crude glycerol employed as an alternative plasticizer to enhance mechanical performance. The study further evaluates the physical, mechanical, and biodegradability properties of the developed films. The ratios of CS, St, and PVA significantly influence thermal stability, water absorption, mechanical strength, and biodegradation characteristics. The optimal film formulation was obtained at a CS/St/PVA mass ratio of 3:1:5, achieving a balanced combination of tensile strength (23.56&#xa0;MPa), elongation at break (85%), and 40.53% weight loss after 30 days of soil burial. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs revealed a homogeneous well-bonded microstructure with no cracks or phase separation and confirmed strong interfacial compatibility among the blended components. The FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of functional groups characteristic of CS, St, PVA, as well as crude glycerol within the film matrix. The optimized film (S6) showed higher thermal stability than plain starch. The use of crude glycerol in the biocomposite films provided competitive performance compared with similar CS/St/PVA film systems plasticized with commercial glycerol, particularly in terms of mechanical properties and biodegradability. The developed biocomposite films demonstrate promising potential as sustainable food packaging materials.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Novel ternary chitosan/cassava starch/PVA-based biocomposite films plasticized with crude glycerol for potential sustainable packaging materials: physical, mechanical, and biodegradable properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Shalahudin Nur Ayyubi,
  • Aprilina Purbasari,
  • Aji Prasetyaningrum,
  • Kusmiyati,
  • Meitri Bella Puspa,
  • Indrie Ambarsari,
  • Abdul Wafi

摘要

This study aims to develop biodegradable ternary biocomposite films based on chitosan (CS), cassava starch (St), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), with crude glycerol employed as an alternative plasticizer to enhance mechanical performance. The study further evaluates the physical, mechanical, and biodegradability properties of the developed films. The ratios of CS, St, and PVA significantly influence thermal stability, water absorption, mechanical strength, and biodegradation characteristics. The optimal film formulation was obtained at a CS/St/PVA mass ratio of 3:1:5, achieving a balanced combination of tensile strength (23.56 MPa), elongation at break (85%), and 40.53% weight loss after 30 days of soil burial. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs revealed a homogeneous well-bonded microstructure with no cracks or phase separation and confirmed strong interfacial compatibility among the blended components. The FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of functional groups characteristic of CS, St, PVA, as well as crude glycerol within the film matrix. The optimized film (S6) showed higher thermal stability than plain starch. The use of crude glycerol in the biocomposite films provided competitive performance compared with similar CS/St/PVA film systems plasticized with commercial glycerol, particularly in terms of mechanical properties and biodegradability. The developed biocomposite films demonstrate promising potential as sustainable food packaging materials.

Graphical Abstract