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<p>A magnolol-based phosphonate flame retardant (DPDO) was synthesized using magnolol and phenylphosphonyl dichloride, and DPDO was subsequently grafted onto fullerene (C<sub>60</sub>) through the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction. The successful synthesis of C<sub>60</sub>-DPDO was confirmed via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Flame-retardant polypropylene (PP/IFR) was prepared by the melt blending method, and the thermal stability, flame-retardant performance and combustion behavior were evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning and cone calorimetry. The results indicated that C<sub>60</sub> significantly impaired the thermal stability and flame retardancy of PP/IFR, whereas C<sub>60</sub>-DPDO notably enhanced both properties. With the incorporation of 0.5% C<sub>60</sub>-DPDO, PP/IFR achieved a UL94 V-0 rating, with an LOI value reaching 34.5%. Furthermore, C<sub>60</sub>-DPDO effectively inhibited and delayed the combustion process of PP/IFR, significantly reducing heat release and smoke generation, particularly delaying the peak heat release rate by over 1,000&#xa0;s. To investigate the flame-retardant mechanisms in both the condensed and gaseous phases, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric-infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were employed. The findings revealed that in PP/IFR, the radical addition reaction of C<sub>60</sub> primarily disrupted the intumescent flame-retardant action of IFR, while that of C<sub>60</sub>-DPDO mainly suppressed the pyrolysis of PP.</p>

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Construction of fullerene grafted magnolol-based phosphonate and its regulation for the combustion behavior of intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月6日

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  • Tao Zhu,
  • Guangyu Zhang,
  • Yanfei Wang,
  • Juan Li,
  • Zhenghong Guo

摘要

A magnolol-based phosphonate flame retardant (DPDO) was synthesized using magnolol and phenylphosphonyl dichloride, and DPDO was subsequently grafted onto fullerene (C60) through the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction. The successful synthesis of C60-DPDO was confirmed via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Flame-retardant polypropylene (PP/IFR) was prepared by the melt blending method, and the thermal stability, flame-retardant performance and combustion behavior were evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning and cone calorimetry. The results indicated that C60 significantly impaired the thermal stability and flame retardancy of PP/IFR, whereas C60-DPDO notably enhanced both properties. With the incorporation of 0.5% C60-DPDO, PP/IFR achieved a UL94 V-0 rating, with an LOI value reaching 34.5%. Furthermore, C60-DPDO effectively inhibited and delayed the combustion process of PP/IFR, significantly reducing heat release and smoke generation, particularly delaying the peak heat release rate by over 1,000 s. To investigate the flame-retardant mechanisms in both the condensed and gaseous phases, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric-infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were employed. The findings revealed that in PP/IFR, the radical addition reaction of C60 primarily disrupted the intumescent flame-retardant action of IFR, while that of C60-DPDO mainly suppressed the pyrolysis of PP.