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<p>The development of flexible hydrogels with robust mechanics, high water content, and reliable conductivity is critical for next-generation wearable bioelectronics. However, conventional poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels suffer from insufficient mechanical strength and rapid water loss, limiting their practical applications. Here, we present a chitosan-doped, phytic acid–based dual-network hydrogel that combines a PVA backbone with a secondary network of chitosan (CS), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA). The resulting hydrogel exhibits relatively high tensile strength (107&#xa0;kPa) and elongation (415%), together with excellent water retention and antifreeze performance arising from synergistic hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions between PA and CS. Importantly, the hydrogel maintains stable ionic conductivity under various deformations and enables accurate and reproducible detection of human electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, comparable to that of commercial electrodes. This work provides a practical strategy to design multifunctional hydrogels for reliable physiological monitoring and flexible wearable electronics.</p>

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A chitosan-doped high strength, water-retentive, antifreeze conductive hydrogel for human electrocardiogram detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月6日

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  • Xiaomeng Li,
  • Chenjia Jiang,
  • Huiwen Xie,
  • Hong Zhang

摘要

The development of flexible hydrogels with robust mechanics, high water content, and reliable conductivity is critical for next-generation wearable bioelectronics. However, conventional poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels suffer from insufficient mechanical strength and rapid water loss, limiting their practical applications. Here, we present a chitosan-doped, phytic acid–based dual-network hydrogel that combines a PVA backbone with a secondary network of chitosan (CS), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA). The resulting hydrogel exhibits relatively high tensile strength (107 kPa) and elongation (415%), together with excellent water retention and antifreeze performance arising from synergistic hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions between PA and CS. Importantly, the hydrogel maintains stable ionic conductivity under various deformations and enables accurate and reproducible detection of human electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, comparable to that of commercial electrodes. This work provides a practical strategy to design multifunctional hydrogels for reliable physiological monitoring and flexible wearable electronics.