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<p>This study investigates the mechanical and interfacial performance of Curaua fiber/epoxy composites reinforced with chestnut shell-derived biochar (CNB) and alkaline microfillers (CNM). The fillers were comprehensively characterized using FTIR, XPS, XRD, TGA, UV–Vis, SEM–EDX, particle size, and surface roughness analyses to elucidate their structural, chemical, thermal, and morphological properties. Composite panels were fabricated by incorporating CNB or CNM at various concentrations (2.5–10 wt. %) along with alkali-treated curaua fibers. The mechanical properties, including the tensile, flexural, impact, shear strength, and Shore D hardness, were evaluated. The results revealed that the incorporation of both fillers significantly enhanced the mechanical performance, with CNM-based composites exhibiting superior tensile and shear strengths owing to the improved interfacial adhesion and uniform dispersion of the fillers. In contrast, CNB-reinforced composites exhibited higher flexural strength and hardness owing to the intrinsic rigidity and partial graphitization of biochar. The optimal filler loading was identified be 7.5 wt. % for both CNM (CC3) and CNB (CCB3) based on the balance of mechanical properties. SEM analysis confirmed homogeneous dispersion and effective fiber–matrix bonding at this loading, whereas higher filler contents led to agglomeration and the formation of structural defects. The Preference Selection Index (PSI)-VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making approach ranked CC3 as the best-performing formulation, offering the highest overall mechanical properties. This study demonstrates the potential of valorizing chestnut shell waste as an eco-friendly filler for the development of high-performance sustainable hybrid composites for diverse engineering applications.</p>

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Mechanical and interfacial performance of Curaua fiber/epoxy composites: a comparative study of biochar and alkaline microfillers of chestnut via PSI-VIKOR approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月2日

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  • Dinesh S,
  • Prabhu L,
  • Gokulkumar S,
  • P. Manoj Kumar

摘要

This study investigates the mechanical and interfacial performance of Curaua fiber/epoxy composites reinforced with chestnut shell-derived biochar (CNB) and alkaline microfillers (CNM). The fillers were comprehensively characterized using FTIR, XPS, XRD, TGA, UV–Vis, SEM–EDX, particle size, and surface roughness analyses to elucidate their structural, chemical, thermal, and morphological properties. Composite panels were fabricated by incorporating CNB or CNM at various concentrations (2.5–10 wt. %) along with alkali-treated curaua fibers. The mechanical properties, including the tensile, flexural, impact, shear strength, and Shore D hardness, were evaluated. The results revealed that the incorporation of both fillers significantly enhanced the mechanical performance, with CNM-based composites exhibiting superior tensile and shear strengths owing to the improved interfacial adhesion and uniform dispersion of the fillers. In contrast, CNB-reinforced composites exhibited higher flexural strength and hardness owing to the intrinsic rigidity and partial graphitization of biochar. The optimal filler loading was identified be 7.5 wt. % for both CNM (CC3) and CNB (CCB3) based on the balance of mechanical properties. SEM analysis confirmed homogeneous dispersion and effective fiber–matrix bonding at this loading, whereas higher filler contents led to agglomeration and the formation of structural defects. The Preference Selection Index (PSI)-VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making approach ranked CC3 as the best-performing formulation, offering the highest overall mechanical properties. This study demonstrates the potential of valorizing chestnut shell waste as an eco-friendly filler for the development of high-performance sustainable hybrid composites for diverse engineering applications.