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<p>This study reports advanced ballistic fabrics produced by impregnating p-aramid textiles with polyurethane-based gels and fluids derived from polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), reinforced with silica (SiO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), or boron carbide (B₄C) nanoparticles. The gels were synthesized via <i>in situ</i> crosslinking with 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), highlighting the potential of polyurethane-based systems for ballistic protection. Analyses revealed strong polymer–filler interactions and improvements in rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties. HTPB-based gels showed high hydrophobicity (contact angles &gt; 110°) and superior ballistic performance compared to PEG-based systems. The HTPB–B₄C composite had the highest energy absorption, while ZnO-based gels achieved the highest projectile velocity limits. These results are comparable to values reported for STF-treated Kevlar® fabrics. To the best of our knowledge, this is among the first systematic comparisons between PEG- and HTPB-based gel systems reinforced with different nanoparticles, applied under identical ballistic testing conditions. Overall, nanoparticle-reinforced polymer gels emerge as promising, lightweight candidates for enhanced ballistic protection.</p>

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Advanced ballistic protection: enhanced performance of p-aramid fabrics impregnated with novel gels and nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月7日

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  • Dayanne dos Santos Silva,
  • Beatriz da Silva Fernandes,
  • Maurício Ferrapontoff Lemos,
  • André Ben Hur da Silva Figueiredo,
  • Maria de Fátima Vieira Marques

摘要

This study reports advanced ballistic fabrics produced by impregnating p-aramid textiles with polyurethane-based gels and fluids derived from polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), reinforced with silica (SiO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), or boron carbide (B₄C) nanoparticles. The gels were synthesized via in situ crosslinking with 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), highlighting the potential of polyurethane-based systems for ballistic protection. Analyses revealed strong polymer–filler interactions and improvements in rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties. HTPB-based gels showed high hydrophobicity (contact angles > 110°) and superior ballistic performance compared to PEG-based systems. The HTPB–B₄C composite had the highest energy absorption, while ZnO-based gels achieved the highest projectile velocity limits. These results are comparable to values reported for STF-treated Kevlar® fabrics. To the best of our knowledge, this is among the first systematic comparisons between PEG- and HTPB-based gel systems reinforced with different nanoparticles, applied under identical ballistic testing conditions. Overall, nanoparticle-reinforced polymer gels emerge as promising, lightweight candidates for enhanced ballistic protection.