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<p>This study investigates the prospects of using raw crushed eggshell waste (CES) as a sustainable filler in epoxy resin composites, extending beyond the limitations of the literature by addressing macroscopic particles (&gt; 100&#xa0;μm) without calcination. The 3%, 6%, and 9% CES loading composites were fabricated via hand lay-up and were evaluated for mechanical, microstructural, and durability performance. Results showed 60% enhancement in hardness (37.5 to 60 HRB) and 12.4% enhancement in tensile strength (9.7 to 10.9&#xa0;N/mm<sup>2</sup>) at 9% CES, owing to improved load distribution and interfacial adhesion. Microstructural investigations (SEM/EDS, XRD) confirmed CaCO<sub>3</sub> incorporation and also indicated agglomeration problems with higher loading. Chemical resistance tests indicated improved resistance to acid at 9% CES (30&#xa0;mg loss in weight after 72&#xa0;h), while water absorption decreased by 28.6% when compared to pure epoxy. Statistical optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) indicated 9% CES to be optimum for minimum degradation. The study underscores untreated CES’s dual potential as reinforcement and green filler, offering reduced density (11.5% lower than epoxy) and enhanced durability in corrosive or wet environments. The findings advocate CES-epoxy composites as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional materials, in alignment with global waste valorization and resource efficiency goals.</p>

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Recycling of waste: a light review on the application of egg shell waste in composite formation and the characterization of crushed egg shell waste as filler material for epoxy resin

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月28日

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  • Joshua O. Atiba,
  • Gabriel O. Edah,
  • Ojo S. I. Fayomi

摘要

This study investigates the prospects of using raw crushed eggshell waste (CES) as a sustainable filler in epoxy resin composites, extending beyond the limitations of the literature by addressing macroscopic particles (> 100 μm) without calcination. The 3%, 6%, and 9% CES loading composites were fabricated via hand lay-up and were evaluated for mechanical, microstructural, and durability performance. Results showed 60% enhancement in hardness (37.5 to 60 HRB) and 12.4% enhancement in tensile strength (9.7 to 10.9 N/mm2) at 9% CES, owing to improved load distribution and interfacial adhesion. Microstructural investigations (SEM/EDS, XRD) confirmed CaCO3 incorporation and also indicated agglomeration problems with higher loading. Chemical resistance tests indicated improved resistance to acid at 9% CES (30 mg loss in weight after 72 h), while water absorption decreased by 28.6% when compared to pure epoxy. Statistical optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) indicated 9% CES to be optimum for minimum degradation. The study underscores untreated CES’s dual potential as reinforcement and green filler, offering reduced density (11.5% lower than epoxy) and enhanced durability in corrosive or wet environments. The findings advocate CES-epoxy composites as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional materials, in alignment with global waste valorization and resource efficiency goals.