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<p>This study comprehensively investigates the structural, thermal, and dielectric properties of epoxy/Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanocomposites with varying Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> loadings (0–10 wt%). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a transition from amorphous to semicrystalline behavior at ≥ 1 wt% Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. The crystallite size reduced from 34 to 19&#xa0;nm and the lattice strain increased (4.65–7.45 × 10<sup>−3</sup>) at higher loadings. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed progressive nanoparticle agglomeration above 1 wt%. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed epoxy functional groups with small variation after Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> inclusion. Thermal analysis demonstrated reduced glass transition temperatures (84–60&#xa0;°C). Additionally, the activation energies (E<sub>a</sub>) exhibited a non-monotonic trend (399–367&#xa0;kJ/mol). Dielectric studies revealed frequency- and temperature-dependent polarization mechanisms, with interfacial (Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars) relaxation peaks shifting to higher frequencies upon heating (E<sub>a</sub> = 0.83–1.15&#xa0;eV). AC conductivity followed Jonscher’s law, with exponent s (0.71–1.38) reflecting a transition from correlated barrier hopping to near-free conduction. DC conductivity activation energy (E<sub>DC</sub>) decreased systematically (1.30–1.11&#xa0;eV) with Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> loading. These findings collectively elucidate the interplay between nanofiller dispersion, interfacial dynamics, and multifunctional performance in epoxy/Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanocomposites for dielectric and thermal applications.</p>

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Effect of Bi2O3 nanoparticle loading on the structural, thermal, and dielectric properties of epoxy nanocomposites

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月22日

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  • Taha Abdel Mohaymen Taha,
  • Mohammed Magdy Ayad,
  • Magdy S. Abo Ghazala

摘要

This study comprehensively investigates the structural, thermal, and dielectric properties of epoxy/Bi2O3 nanocomposites with varying Bi2O3 loadings (0–10 wt%). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a transition from amorphous to semicrystalline behavior at ≥ 1 wt% Bi2O3. The crystallite size reduced from 34 to 19 nm and the lattice strain increased (4.65–7.45 × 10−3) at higher loadings. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed progressive nanoparticle agglomeration above 1 wt%. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed epoxy functional groups with small variation after Bi2O3 inclusion. Thermal analysis demonstrated reduced glass transition temperatures (84–60 °C). Additionally, the activation energies (Ea) exhibited a non-monotonic trend (399–367 kJ/mol). Dielectric studies revealed frequency- and temperature-dependent polarization mechanisms, with interfacial (Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars) relaxation peaks shifting to higher frequencies upon heating (Ea = 0.83–1.15 eV). AC conductivity followed Jonscher’s law, with exponent s (0.71–1.38) reflecting a transition from correlated barrier hopping to near-free conduction. DC conductivity activation energy (EDC) decreased systematically (1.30–1.11 eV) with Bi2O3 loading. These findings collectively elucidate the interplay between nanofiller dispersion, interfacial dynamics, and multifunctional performance in epoxy/Bi2O3 nanocomposites for dielectric and thermal applications.