<p>We investigate the splash phenomenon resulting from the energy input at the interface between a vacuum and an inhomogeneous gas with density profile <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3502_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="95" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\rho (r) = \rho _0 r^{-\beta }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The energy input causes the formation of ballistic spatters that propagate into the vacuum, leading to a decay of the total energy in the inhomogeneous medium following a power law, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3502_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="83" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(E(t) \sim t^{-\delta _s}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>E</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>∼</mo> <msup> <mi>t</mi> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>s</mi> </msub> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We determine exactly the exponents <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3502_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\delta _s\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>s</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> by solving the Euler equation using a self-similar solution of the second kind for different values of <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3502_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\beta \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>β</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. These exponents are further validated through event-driven molecular dynamics simulations. The determination of these exponents also allows us to numerically determine the spatio-temporal dependence of the density, velocity and temperature.</p>

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Splash in an inhomogeneous gas in one dimension: Exact analysis and molecular dynamics simulations

  • Amit Kumar,
  • R. Rajesh

摘要

We investigate the splash phenomenon resulting from the energy input at the interface between a vacuum and an inhomogeneous gas with density profile \(\rho (r) = \rho _0 r^{-\beta }\) ρ ( r ) = ρ 0 r - β . The energy input causes the formation of ballistic spatters that propagate into the vacuum, leading to a decay of the total energy in the inhomogeneous medium following a power law, \(E(t) \sim t^{-\delta _s}\) E ( t ) t - δ s . We determine exactly the exponents \(\delta _s\) δ s by solving the Euler equation using a self-similar solution of the second kind for different values of \(\beta \) β . These exponents are further validated through event-driven molecular dynamics simulations. The determination of these exponents also allows us to numerically determine the spatio-temporal dependence of the density, velocity and temperature.