Laser-Based Monitoring of Calcium Gluconate Solubility and Thermodynamics in Aqueous Mixtures of 1-Propanol/2-Propanol
摘要
The solubility of calcium gluconate in binary solvent systems of (water + 1-propanol) and (water + 2-propanol) was investigated over a temperature range of 298.2 to 313.2 K. Measurements were conducted using a laser-based robotic system, and the results show that calcium gluconate is more soluble in water-rich mixtures, and its solubility increased with temperature. To model these data, several thermodynamic and activity-based equations were used. All models proved highly accurate in predicting solubility, confirming their reliability for similar solvents. Thermodynamic properties of dissolution, namely, the standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°), were calculated from the van't Hoff and Gibbs equations. Thermodynamic analysis showed the standard state dissolution process was endothermic (absorbing heat) and non-spontaneous (requiring energy input), as indicated by positive ΔH0 and ΔG0 values.