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<p>Enhancing the capability to detect weak teleseismic signals is critical for global underground nuclear test monitoring. As seismic stations are deployed more densely worldwide and multiple large-scale dense array projects are implemented, using these dense, widely distributed stations for teleseismic weak signal detection can effectively complement existing small- and medium-aperture arrays. For large-aperture dense arrays, the envelope method can mitigate the degradation of detection performance caused by signal dissimilarity across stations<b>.</b> This study introduces a processing framework for envelope stacking tailored for large-scale dense arrays. When applied to a large-aperture dense array composed of stations from the USArray Transportable Array (TA) network in the western United States, this method yields a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the stacked envelope waveform exceeding 20 for the first North Korean underground nuclear test, markedly outperforming direct waveform stacking. By configuring dedicated detection beams, interference from events outside the target area can be effectively suppressed. Using waveform simulation, the estimated yield detection threshold for the North Korean test site is approximately 0.8 kilotons of the large-aperture dense array situated in the western United States, with high detection sensitivity maintained within an area of about 5° × 2° surrounding the test site.</p>

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Detection of weak teleseismic signals using envelope stacking based on dense arrays

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Xue Fangzheng,
  • Jin Ping,
  • Xu Xiong,
  • Wang Hongchun

摘要

Enhancing the capability to detect weak teleseismic signals is critical for global underground nuclear test monitoring. As seismic stations are deployed more densely worldwide and multiple large-scale dense array projects are implemented, using these dense, widely distributed stations for teleseismic weak signal detection can effectively complement existing small- and medium-aperture arrays. For large-aperture dense arrays, the envelope method can mitigate the degradation of detection performance caused by signal dissimilarity across stations. This study introduces a processing framework for envelope stacking tailored for large-scale dense arrays. When applied to a large-aperture dense array composed of stations from the USArray Transportable Array (TA) network in the western United States, this method yields a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the stacked envelope waveform exceeding 20 for the first North Korean underground nuclear test, markedly outperforming direct waveform stacking. By configuring dedicated detection beams, interference from events outside the target area can be effectively suppressed. Using waveform simulation, the estimated yield detection threshold for the North Korean test site is approximately 0.8 kilotons of the large-aperture dense array situated in the western United States, with high detection sensitivity maintained within an area of about 5° × 2° surrounding the test site.