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<p>This work presents a comparative study on the influence of low-concentration (1 wt%) two-dimensional (2D) additives—namely graphite, graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN)—on the phase formation, microstructure, and superconducting properties of the high-temperature superconductor Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O₁₀₊<sub>δ</sub> (Bi2223). Samples were synthesized via solid-state reaction and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), and four-probe resistivity measurements. Among all dopants, rGO emerged as the most effective enhancer, delivering the highest Bi2223 phase fraction (76.2%), critical temperature (T<sub>c</sub> = 112&#xa0;K), critical current density (J<sub>c</sub> = 8.8 × 10² A/cm²), and crystallite size (149.3&#xa0;nm). Its superior performance is ascribed to its ultrathin, defect-rich, and highly exfoliated nanostructure, which promotes heterogeneous nucleation, facilitates ion diffusion, enhances grain alignment, and strengthens intergranular connectivity—thereby suppressing weak-link behavior and improving flux pinning. In contrast, graphite suffers from severe agglomeration and poor dispersion, yielding the weakest performance, while GO, graphene, and h-BN show intermediate improvements. These results establish rGO as a highly promising additive for engineering high-performance Bi2223-based superconductors for practical applications in power transmission, magnets, and advanced electronics.</p>

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Optimizing Bi2223 Superconductors with 2D Materials: rGO as the Superior Dopant

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Hossein Koohani,
  • Mardali Yousefpour,
  • Nastaran Riahi Nouri

摘要

This work presents a comparative study on the influence of low-concentration (1 wt%) two-dimensional (2D) additives—namely graphite, graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN)—on the phase formation, microstructure, and superconducting properties of the high-temperature superconductor Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O₁₀₊δ (Bi2223). Samples were synthesized via solid-state reaction and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), and four-probe resistivity measurements. Among all dopants, rGO emerged as the most effective enhancer, delivering the highest Bi2223 phase fraction (76.2%), critical temperature (Tc = 112 K), critical current density (Jc = 8.8 × 10² A/cm²), and crystallite size (149.3 nm). Its superior performance is ascribed to its ultrathin, defect-rich, and highly exfoliated nanostructure, which promotes heterogeneous nucleation, facilitates ion diffusion, enhances grain alignment, and strengthens intergranular connectivity—thereby suppressing weak-link behavior and improving flux pinning. In contrast, graphite suffers from severe agglomeration and poor dispersion, yielding the weakest performance, while GO, graphene, and h-BN show intermediate improvements. These results establish rGO as a highly promising additive for engineering high-performance Bi2223-based superconductors for practical applications in power transmission, magnets, and advanced electronics.