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<p>Cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) is a rare-earth-free spinel material with ferromagnetic ordering, making it a promising candidate for microwave and spintronics applications. This study investigates the controlled introduction of lattice defects through antimony (Sb) and samarium (Sm) doping in Co₃O₄ to tune its magnetic properties. Substitution of Sm and Sb is expected to generate oxygen vacancies (V<sub>o</sub>) and modify cation distribution, thereby altering magnetic ordering. Structural refinement confirms that undoped Co₃O₄ crystallizes in a cubic spinel structure with space group F<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\stackrel{\prime }{4}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>3m. Doping with Sb and Sm ions leads to traces of SbO<sub>2</sub>. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveals that dopant incorporation disrupts the super-exchange pathways that govern spin orientation. This disruption weakens ferromagnetic interactions, as reflected in the softening of magnetic hysteresis and reduction of coercive fields in the doped samples. While pristine Co₃O₄ exhibits signatures of canted magnetic ordering at room temperature, doping modifies super-exchange strengths and bond angles, leading to further magnetic softening. Additionally, the dopants induce a structural transition from a normal spinel to a mixed-spinel character, as supported by XPS analysis. Overall, Sm and Sb doping provide an effective route to defect engineering in Co₃O₄, enabling controlled modulation of magnetic interactions for functional device applications.</p>

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Defect-Induced Softening of Magnetic Interactions in Sb and Sm Doped Co3O4±δ

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Jisna Rahman,
  • Gowtham V,
  • Rajeevan NE,
  • Ranjith Ramadurai,
  • Asokan Kandasami

摘要

Cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) is a rare-earth-free spinel material with ferromagnetic ordering, making it a promising candidate for microwave and spintronics applications. This study investigates the controlled introduction of lattice defects through antimony (Sb) and samarium (Sm) doping in Co₃O₄ to tune its magnetic properties. Substitution of Sm and Sb is expected to generate oxygen vacancies (Vo) and modify cation distribution, thereby altering magnetic ordering. Structural refinement confirms that undoped Co₃O₄ crystallizes in a cubic spinel structure with space group F \(\stackrel{\prime }{4}\) 3m. Doping with Sb and Sm ions leads to traces of SbO2. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveals that dopant incorporation disrupts the super-exchange pathways that govern spin orientation. This disruption weakens ferromagnetic interactions, as reflected in the softening of magnetic hysteresis and reduction of coercive fields in the doped samples. While pristine Co₃O₄ exhibits signatures of canted magnetic ordering at room temperature, doping modifies super-exchange strengths and bond angles, leading to further magnetic softening. Additionally, the dopants induce a structural transition from a normal spinel to a mixed-spinel character, as supported by XPS analysis. Overall, Sm and Sb doping provide an effective route to defect engineering in Co₃O₄, enabling controlled modulation of magnetic interactions for functional device applications.