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<p>Cobalt ferrite (CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) nanoparticles are gaining attention in biomedical science for applications in imaging, drug delivery, and cancer therapy. As a hard magnetic material, CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> exhibits moderate magnetism and high coercivity, 1235 Oe–2.2 kOe at room temperature, up to 10.5 kOe at low temperatures. Its saturation magnetization decreases with smaller particle sizes, ranging from ∼69&#xa0;emu/g for larger particles to ∼35&#xa0;emu/g for smaller ones. CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> crystallizes in a cubic spinel (AB<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) structure, with a lattice parameter of 8.358&#xa0;Å. Core–shell architectures enhance thermal stability up to 650&#xa0;°C, while thermogravimetric analysis confirms stability up to 600&#xa0;°C. This review explores recent advances in synthesis techniques, such as sol–gel and hydrothermal methods, which have enabled precise control over size, shape, and magnetic properties, optimizing CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> for biomedical applications. Functionalization strategies, including polymer coatings and biomimetic approaches, enhance biocompatibility and targeted therapeutic performance. One promising innovation is cell membrane coating, which improves immune evasion and drug delivery. By exploring these advancements and addressing the barriers to clinical implementation, this review provides insights into how CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles could become a key player in the future of nanomedicine.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p> <p>Biofunctionalized CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles for targeted theranostics</p>

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Advancing Theranostics with CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles: Comprehensive Approaches to Synthesis, Biofunctionalization, and Their Potential in Precision Medicine and Targeted Therapeutic Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月7日

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  • Rabiya Riffath Syed Altaf,
  • Puruchothaman Venkatesan,
  • Naveen Palani,
  • Keren Celestina Mendonce,
  • Agilandeswari Mohan,
  • T. G. Nithya,
  • Mohankumar Srinivasan,
  • Shakthivel Rajendran,
  • Parthasarathy Surya,
  • Suriyaprakash Rajadesingu

摘要

Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles are gaining attention in biomedical science for applications in imaging, drug delivery, and cancer therapy. As a hard magnetic material, CoFe2O4 exhibits moderate magnetism and high coercivity, 1235 Oe–2.2 kOe at room temperature, up to 10.5 kOe at low temperatures. Its saturation magnetization decreases with smaller particle sizes, ranging from ∼69 emu/g for larger particles to ∼35 emu/g for smaller ones. CoFe2O4 crystallizes in a cubic spinel (AB2O4) structure, with a lattice parameter of 8.358 Å. Core–shell architectures enhance thermal stability up to 650 °C, while thermogravimetric analysis confirms stability up to 600 °C. This review explores recent advances in synthesis techniques, such as sol–gel and hydrothermal methods, which have enabled precise control over size, shape, and magnetic properties, optimizing CoFe2O4 for biomedical applications. Functionalization strategies, including polymer coatings and biomimetic approaches, enhance biocompatibility and targeted therapeutic performance. One promising innovation is cell membrane coating, which improves immune evasion and drug delivery. By exploring these advancements and addressing the barriers to clinical implementation, this review provides insights into how CoFe2O4 nanoparticles could become a key player in the future of nanomedicine.

Graphical Abstract

Biofunctionalized CoFe2O4 nanoparticles for targeted theranostics