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<p>In this study, a&#xa0;two-dimensional triangular photonic crystal waveguide structure (TPCS) is proposed for the rapid identification of breast tumour cells using terahertz (THz) frequency. The structure is proposed with a&#xa0;2&#xa0;D photonic crystal on a&#xa0;glass substrate, on which cylindrical air holes are etched, each having a&#xa0;diameter of 860 nm and a&#xa0;lattice spacing of 1 µm, was analyzed using the Plane Wave Expansion (PWE) method to evaluate the field distribution and sensing parameters. From the literature survey, four input frequencies—0.5 THz, 1.0 THz, 1.5 THz, and 2.0 THz—were taken and examined to distinguish between normal and tumour tissues based on field intensity distribution, refractive index variation, and spectral response. The refractive index difference (∆n) reached a&#xa0;maximum of 0.70 at 1.0 THz, indicating the strongest dielectric contrast. Electric Field Enhancement (EFE) was found to peak at 1.0 THz, corresponding to enhanced optical confinement and localized energy interaction within tumour samples. Sensitivity and Figure of Merit (FOM) analysis confirmed optimal performance at 1.0 THz, with the highest detection accuracy and contrast ratio of CR ≈ 5. Conversely, at 2.0 THz, the refractive index difference dropped to 0.11, and the contrast ratio decreased drastically, signifying poor differentiation capability. The proposed sensor achieved a&#xa0;detection time of 40 µs, demonstrating a&#xa0;fast and non-invasive approach for tissue discrimination. These results confirm that the 0.5–1.5 THz range provides effective operational frequencies for biomedical sensing, offering a&#xa0;compact and efficient platform for tumour detection.</p>

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Manipulating THz signal with optical waveguide for identification of breast tumour cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Gopinath Palai,
  • Rasmita Kumari Mohanty,
  • Abinash Panda,
  • Archana Rath,
  • Milan Kumar Sahoo

摘要

In this study, a two-dimensional triangular photonic crystal waveguide structure (TPCS) is proposed for the rapid identification of breast tumour cells using terahertz (THz) frequency. The structure is proposed with a 2 D photonic crystal on a glass substrate, on which cylindrical air holes are etched, each having a diameter of 860 nm and a lattice spacing of 1 µm, was analyzed using the Plane Wave Expansion (PWE) method to evaluate the field distribution and sensing parameters. From the literature survey, four input frequencies—0.5 THz, 1.0 THz, 1.5 THz, and 2.0 THz—were taken and examined to distinguish between normal and tumour tissues based on field intensity distribution, refractive index variation, and spectral response. The refractive index difference (∆n) reached a maximum of 0.70 at 1.0 THz, indicating the strongest dielectric contrast. Electric Field Enhancement (EFE) was found to peak at 1.0 THz, corresponding to enhanced optical confinement and localized energy interaction within tumour samples. Sensitivity and Figure of Merit (FOM) analysis confirmed optimal performance at 1.0 THz, with the highest detection accuracy and contrast ratio of CR ≈ 5. Conversely, at 2.0 THz, the refractive index difference dropped to 0.11, and the contrast ratio decreased drastically, signifying poor differentiation capability. The proposed sensor achieved a detection time of 40 µs, demonstrating a fast and non-invasive approach for tissue discrimination. These results confirm that the 0.5–1.5 THz range provides effective operational frequencies for biomedical sensing, offering a compact and efficient platform for tumour detection.