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<p>This study investigates the neural mechanisms involved in lexical code-switching among Chinese–English–Japanese trilinguals using event-related potential (ERP) technique. Focusing on the effects of switching condition, cue-stimulus interval (CSI) length, and language dominance, the present study yields insights into the cognitive and neural dynamics of multilingual language processing. It was found that (a) in the L1–L3 language pair, switching stimuli elicited greater P200 amplitudes than non-switching stimuli, indicating increased attentional allocation and early-stage conflict detection during language switching, while non-switching stimuli elicited more negative N400 responses than switching stimuli, reflecting deeper lexical integration and expectation-driven processing. (b) Across all language pairs, short CSI (250 ms) led to significantly larger P200 amplitudes than long CSI (800 ms), suggesting heightened attentional allocation to manage upcoming switches. In contrast, long CSI (800 ms) elicited more negative N400 responses than short CSI (250 ms), indicating that extended preparation time facilitates deeper lexical-semantic processing, leading to a stronger N400 response. (c) L3 stimuli elicited significantly larger P200 amplitudes than L1 and L2 stimuli, reflecting enhanced early attentional processing and conflict detection when switching into the least dominant language. Additionally, the dominant language (L1) produced more negative N400 responses compared to the non-dominant one (L3), emphasizing the role of language proficiency in neural processing efficiency. (d) The study identified significant interaction effects in various brain regions, based on language type, switching condition, and the length of CSI, illustrating the complex neural mechanisms in trilingual code-switching. The study contributes to neurolinguistics and multilingual language processing by providing novel insights into trilingual individuals’ code-switching processing and the impact of temporal factors on semantic processing. It also highlights the neural correlates of language dominance, offering a more comprehensive understanding of the multilingual brain’s workings and paving the way for further exploration in this field.</p>

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An ERP Study on the Neural Mechanisms of Code-Switching Processing Among Chinese-English-Japanese Trilinguals

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月22日

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  • Zilong Zhong,
  • Lin Fan,
  • Mengling Xu,
  • Jiaxing Jiang,
  • Di Xin

摘要

This study investigates the neural mechanisms involved in lexical code-switching among Chinese–English–Japanese trilinguals using event-related potential (ERP) technique. Focusing on the effects of switching condition, cue-stimulus interval (CSI) length, and language dominance, the present study yields insights into the cognitive and neural dynamics of multilingual language processing. It was found that (a) in the L1–L3 language pair, switching stimuli elicited greater P200 amplitudes than non-switching stimuli, indicating increased attentional allocation and early-stage conflict detection during language switching, while non-switching stimuli elicited more negative N400 responses than switching stimuli, reflecting deeper lexical integration and expectation-driven processing. (b) Across all language pairs, short CSI (250 ms) led to significantly larger P200 amplitudes than long CSI (800 ms), suggesting heightened attentional allocation to manage upcoming switches. In contrast, long CSI (800 ms) elicited more negative N400 responses than short CSI (250 ms), indicating that extended preparation time facilitates deeper lexical-semantic processing, leading to a stronger N400 response. (c) L3 stimuli elicited significantly larger P200 amplitudes than L1 and L2 stimuli, reflecting enhanced early attentional processing and conflict detection when switching into the least dominant language. Additionally, the dominant language (L1) produced more negative N400 responses compared to the non-dominant one (L3), emphasizing the role of language proficiency in neural processing efficiency. (d) The study identified significant interaction effects in various brain regions, based on language type, switching condition, and the length of CSI, illustrating the complex neural mechanisms in trilingual code-switching. The study contributes to neurolinguistics and multilingual language processing by providing novel insights into trilingual individuals’ code-switching processing and the impact of temporal factors on semantic processing. It also highlights the neural correlates of language dominance, offering a more comprehensive understanding of the multilingual brain’s workings and paving the way for further exploration in this field.