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<p>Excessive boron levels in seawater pose serious risks to human health, marine ecosystems, and the safety of desalinated water. Although conventional detection methods offer high sensitivity, they are often hindered by high costs, complex protocols, and limited portability. This study introduces a simple, cost-effective, and interference-resistant electrochemical sensor for trace boron detection in seawater. A mesoporous carbon–poly(resorcinol) (poly(RC) nanocomposite sensor was developed by modifying a carbon paste electrode (CPE) with mesoporous carbon (MC), followed by electropolymerization of resorcinol. The synergistic integration of MC and poly(RC) significantly enhanced sensor performance by increasing the electrode’s surface area, facilitating faster electron transfer, and promoting selective boron complexation. The MC contributed high conductivity and porous structure for efficient ion diffusion, while poly(RC) provided boron-binding functional groups through cyclic ester formation. The MC, synthesized via an organic–organic assembly route, exhibited a high surface area (446.53 m<sup>2</sup>/g) and bimodal pores (~ 2&#xa0;nm and ~ 10&#xa0;nm), confirmed through XRD, SEM, TEM, and BET analyses. The optimized sensor (7&#xa0;mg MC, pH 3.0, scan rate 0.1&#xa0;V/s) showed a threefold increase in electroactive surface area (0.004 cm<sup>2</sup>) compared to the bare electrode. It achieved a wide linear range (45–115&#xa0;μM), excellent linearity (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.991), and low LOD (0.124&#xa0;μM) and LOQ (0.415&#xa0;μM). Interference from common ions (Fe<sup>3</sup>⁺, K⁺, Cu<sup>2</sup>⁺, Co<sup>2</sup>⁺, Mn<sup>2</sup>⁺, Sr<sup>2</sup>⁺) was minimal (± 5.1%), owing to synergistic effects of size exclusion, preferential boron complexation, and electrostatic repulsion (ζ-potential = –32.4&#xa0;mV). Notably, Sr<sup>2</sup>⁺ tolerance improved by 67% over alizarin-based sensors without using masking agents. Real and synthetic seawater validations showed recovery rates of 91.2–95.7%, confirming applicability. The sensor also exhibited strong sustainability profiles under Enhanced GAPI, AGREE, NEMI, Eco-Scale, and BAGI, supporting its alignment with green and blue analytical chemistry principles.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Electropolymerized resorcinol/mesoporous carbon nanocomposite for interference-resistant boron detection in seawater: a sustainable sensor platform

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月10日

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  • Aya M. Mokhtar,
  • Rehab Mahmoud,
  • Abeer Enaiet Allah,
  • Samar M. Mahgoub,
  • F. M. Mohamed

摘要

Excessive boron levels in seawater pose serious risks to human health, marine ecosystems, and the safety of desalinated water. Although conventional detection methods offer high sensitivity, they are often hindered by high costs, complex protocols, and limited portability. This study introduces a simple, cost-effective, and interference-resistant electrochemical sensor for trace boron detection in seawater. A mesoporous carbon–poly(resorcinol) (poly(RC) nanocomposite sensor was developed by modifying a carbon paste electrode (CPE) with mesoporous carbon (MC), followed by electropolymerization of resorcinol. The synergistic integration of MC and poly(RC) significantly enhanced sensor performance by increasing the electrode’s surface area, facilitating faster electron transfer, and promoting selective boron complexation. The MC contributed high conductivity and porous structure for efficient ion diffusion, while poly(RC) provided boron-binding functional groups through cyclic ester formation. The MC, synthesized via an organic–organic assembly route, exhibited a high surface area (446.53 m2/g) and bimodal pores (~ 2 nm and ~ 10 nm), confirmed through XRD, SEM, TEM, and BET analyses. The optimized sensor (7 mg MC, pH 3.0, scan rate 0.1 V/s) showed a threefold increase in electroactive surface area (0.004 cm2) compared to the bare electrode. It achieved a wide linear range (45–115 μM), excellent linearity (R2 = 0.991), and low LOD (0.124 μM) and LOQ (0.415 μM). Interference from common ions (Fe3⁺, K⁺, Cu2⁺, Co2⁺, Mn2⁺, Sr2⁺) was minimal (± 5.1%), owing to synergistic effects of size exclusion, preferential boron complexation, and electrostatic repulsion (ζ-potential = –32.4 mV). Notably, Sr2⁺ tolerance improved by 67% over alizarin-based sensors without using masking agents. Real and synthetic seawater validations showed recovery rates of 91.2–95.7%, confirming applicability. The sensor also exhibited strong sustainability profiles under Enhanced GAPI, AGREE, NEMI, Eco-Scale, and BAGI, supporting its alignment with green and blue analytical chemistry principles.

Graphical Abstract